The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces What makes an open place (e.g., plaza, mall, park, etc.) pleasant? How do we measure/assess the pleasant qualities of these spaces? What view of city life is put forward in this film? What was the societal impact (in New York City) of Whyte ’ s work?

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces What ethical issues arise from Whyte ’ s filming behaviour occuring in the street? What does the current Canadian Tri-Council Ethics Code state about the filming of behaviour in public?

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Characteristics of best used plazas: higher proportion of groups rather than solitary individuals Greater proportion of female users Variablility over day, week, season * ” People are most likely to sit where there are places to sit ”

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces What makes an open place (e.g., plaza, mall, park, etc.) pleasant? How do we measure/assess the pleasant qualities of these spaces? What view of city life is put forward in this film? What was the societal impact (in New York City) of Whyte ’ s work?

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces What ethical issues arise from Whyte ’ s filming behaviour occuring in the street? What does the current Canadian Tri-Council Ethics Code state about the filming of behaviour in public?

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Characteristics of best used plazas: higher proportion of groups rather than solitary individuals Greater proportion of female users Variablility over day, week, season * ” People are most likely to sit where there are places to sit ”

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Design Criteria for Plazas Movable chairs (benches are less desirable) Seating area should be approximately 10% of the total open space Protection from sun, wind and noise (use trees and water) Availablility of food (snack bars, vendors, tables & chairs) Related to the street, near the action

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Seagram Building, 375 Park Avenue (52 nd to 53 rd Streets, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Phillip Johnson (1958), who won an architectural competition arranged by Phyllis Lambert, architect and daughter of Sam Bronfman. What building in Toronto did Mies van der Rohe design that is quite similar to Seagram ’ s?

Seagram Building Architects: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe & Phillip Johnson Built in 1958

Toronto-Dominion Centre Mies van der Rohe ’ s only Canadian building

Paley Park Designed by Zion & Breen on the site of the former Stork Club (just off 5 th Avenue at 53 rd Street

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Design Criteria for Plazas: “ Triangulation: presence of people or things that induce strangers to talk with each other Surveillance comes from vendors, newsstands, building employees. Dealing with “ undesirables ” : make the area appeal to anyone

Film: The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces Design Criteria for Indoor Spaces (e.g., atria, galleries, courtyards, arcades, concourses, indoor plazas) Seating Food Retail stores Public toilets Presence

Underhill, P. (1999). Why we buy: The science of shopping. New York: Simon & Schuster. A fascinating description of Underhill ’ s company ’ s (Envirosell) research into consumer behaviour. % buying jeans after trying them on: –Females: 25% –Males: 65%

Underhill, P. (1999). Why we buy: The science of shopping. New York: Simon & Schuster. A fascinating description of Underhill’s company’s (Envirosell) research into consumer behaviour. % buying jeans after trying them on: Females: 25% Males: 65%

Examing price tags: Females: 86% Males: 72% “ Butt-brush ” stops female purchasers Importance of adjacencies Detection of shoplifters Importance of shopping basket distribution Right turn bias of North American shoppers

Mean shopping times in a national housewares chain store (USA): Women with women8 min. 15 secs. Women with children7 min. 19 secs. Women alone5 min. 2 secs. Women with men4 min. 41 secs. How could you increase women ’ s shopping times for women accompanied by males?

Hostility to cities: The destruction of New York New York has been depicted as being destroyed by: Earthquake Fire Flood Meteor Comet Martians Glaciers Ghosts Atom bombs Class warfare Terrorism Invasion Apes, wolves, dinosaurs Disease Warfare Nuclear fallout Environmental degradation (p.4)

Why the interest in the destruction of New York City? As historically, the largest and most important American city financially, culturally, and politically, NYC has an international signficance These destruction fantasies may be fueled or motivated by: Ambivalence toward cities Hostility to immigrants/racial diversity Fear of technology’s impact Apocalyptic strain in American religious life A variety of social, economic, political and physical transformations Jealousy, envy, resentment?

Alienation: A Major Theme in 19 th Century Sociology Emile Durkheim’s theory of alienation: Suicide as stemming from either too much integration or too little integration with society as well as anomie (normlessness) due to rapid societal change. Karl Marx on the worker’s have no control over their work and lives alienation from other workers and the means of production.

Milgram’s Cognitive Overload Model: Reactions to Overload Represents an updating of Simmel’s explanation of the difference between rural and urban life Long standing interest in differentiating the city from the countryside Ferdinand Toënnies described a difference between Gemeinschaft (community)and Gesellschaft (society) Ferdinand Toënnies ( )

Georg Simmel ( ) An influential German sociologist and philosopher often cited for his writing on the psychological effects of city living “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903) was a very influential paper adopted and updated by Milgram

Milgram’s Cognitive Overload Model: Reactions to Overload Allocate less time to each input (brusque manner) Disregard low priority inputs Redrawn boundaries in social transactions—shift overload to others Receptor is blocked prior to entrance into system (unlisted telephone numbers) Filtering devices diminish intensity of inputs (answering machines) Creation of special institutions to absorb inputs/shield the individual

Lofland’s Privacy Model: Symbolic Transformations Source: Lofland, L. H. (1973). A world of strangers: Order and action in urban public space. New York: Basic Books Rules for urban behaviour: –Minimize expressivity –Minimize body contact, keep to the right –Sit away from others –Minimize eye contact with strangers –When in doubt, flee –Disattend, pretend not to notice deviants

Urbanism Jane Jacobs described “eyes on the street” as a crime prevention strategy Security came from shopkeepers, pedestrians, and residents of a street- oriented community

Marshall McLuhan’s Explanation for the Kitty Genovese Incident Kitty Genovese was murdered while 38 witnesses failed to intervene McLuhan’s explanation was different from the diffusion of responsibility model of social psychology: cultural differences in the perception and use of space Kitty Genovese Marshall McLuhan

Marshall McLuhan’s Explanation for the Kitty Genovese Incident In North America, people go outside for privacy and inside when they seek community—to socialize with others In Mediterranean cultures, the reverse is true: people go outside when they seek community and go inside when they seek privacy

Marshall McLuhan’s Explanation for the Kitty Genovese Incident Sidewalk cafes are an example of people going outdoors to be with people. Mediterranean cultures take possession of the street North Americans don’t view the street as their territory—public places become a “no-man’s land” Paris, France Lucca, Italy

Another example of a the use of public space:The Passagiata in Rome

Some extreme examples of urban defensive behaviour Which appeared in the New York Times, October 20, 2007