I. History of Life Introduction A. Background Thoughts Major ContributorsContributions & Controversies 1. Aristotle, 300BCScalae Naturae = fixed state 2. Theology Creationism 3. Linnaeus, 1700’s Taxonomy 4. Buffon, 1700’s Multiple creation sites & times 5. Hutton, 1700’sEarth older than 6,000yrs 6. Malthus, 1700’sResources limits populations 7. Cuvier, 1800’s Catastrophism 8. Lyell, 1800’s Uniformitarianism

B. Idea Evolution Contributor Contribution 1. Anaxamander, 300BCStriving for Complexity 2. Lamarck, 1800’s Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics 3. Mendel, 1860’sGenetics and Inheritance 4. Darwin, 1860’s Natural Selection and Descent with Modification

II. What is Life? A. Living from Non-living 1. Characteristics of Life a. Highly Organized Figure 1.4

b. Transform Energy Figure 1.9

c. Reproduce

d. Grow and Develop

e. Irritable & Adaptable

f. Practice Homeostasis

Figure 1.11 i. Mechanisms Positive Negative vs.

1. Scientific Method a. Reasoning b. Process Figure 1.22 Experimental variables: i. Independent = ii. Dependent = iii. Control = B. Studying Life

Figure 1.22 Theory Law

C. Classifying Life 1. Categories D, K, P, C, O, F, G, & S Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.13

Kingdom Animalia Figure 1.13

III. Characteristics of Animals A. Shared Characteristics

IV. Evidence of Selection A. Fossil Record The fossil record is based on what two key points of data to age identify them? 1. Strata Positioning 2. Half-Life Dating Magnetic Reversal Racemization &

B. Comparative Anatomy 1. Analogous structures = Figure 22.18

2. Homologous Structures = Figure Vestigial Structures =

C. Comparative Embryology Similarities in developmental patterns in animals Figure 32.9 Figure 32.10

D. Molecular Homology Homologies between species (yeast, wheat, & primate) in the sequential amino acid make-up of cytochrome C3.C3. E. Current Evidence 1. Artificial Selection