CHW3M Ms. Gluskin York Mills CI Rome - Intro CHW3M Ms. Gluskin York Mills CI

A Practical and Monumental Civilization Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE Arena in Pompeii Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance. 2012. http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2008/04/the-economics-of-water-part-5-roman-municipal-finance.html (March 29, 2012). Nappo Salvatore Ciro, A Pompeii: Its discovery and preservation, BBC History, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/pompeii_rediscovery_01.shtml (Oct. 26, 2015).

Familiar To Many People… Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/aqueduct.html (April 1, 2013). Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01.shtml (April 1, 2013).

Timeline of Republic 700s BCE – Etruscan civilization 753 BCE – Founding of Rome Monarchy (some of the kings were Etruscan and had a bad reputation) 509 BCE – Roman Republic begins Republic = form of government with no monarchy

Timeline of Empire 81-80 BCE - Pompeii comes under full Roman control 79 CE - Pompeii is destroyed 44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of Empire 476 CE – End of the empire in the west 1453 – End of the empire in the east

Republic = Res publica (public affair) 44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline. 2012. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romehistory/tp/Legendary-Rome-Timeline.htm (March 29, 2012). Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic. 2000. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/romr/hd_romr.htm (March 29, 2012).

Theme #1: Growth & Expansion Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE) W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997, http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/rome.htm (March 30, 2013).

Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development Physical map of Europe Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d., http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/index.html (April 2, 2012).

Orientation Toward the Sea Trade, navy Therefore: Eventually Rome was able to dominate the Mediterranean.

No Internal Physical Barriers There were mountains but they didn’t divide like in Greece Therefore: There was more unified than Greece after the Romans (a tribe) began expanding and conquering other territories.

Agriculture Very fertile soil (due to volcanic ash) But population growth meant that there still wasn’t enough land Need to import grain from Sicily and Egypt Therefore: Romans needed to conquer more territory in order to expand (military) Carthage a potential enemy

The Alps These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians” Therefore: Rome felt protected by these mountains, possibly superior There were invasions, however

Alps Hannibal crossing the Alps Alps Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: 1994-2006. http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2006/04/hannibal_in_the_alps_stanford_1.html (March 29, 2012).

Theme #2: Romanization Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture Roman bath in Bath, England. In Pompeii Romanization was achieved by the Romans settling veterans and their families there. Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d. http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/ (March 30, 2013).

Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship Privileges of citizenship – see pages 176-177 in textbook Ruins of the Pompeii Forum, where citizens came to meet John J. Dobbins, The Forum at Pompeii, 2006, http://pompeii.virginia.edu/forummap.html (Oct. 26, 2015)

Privileges of Roman Citizenship Protected in law from random power of magistrates Child of father citizen is citizen (if…) Less taxes, no tribute payment Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

Theme #4: Struggle of the Orders – Patricians vs. Plebeians The Twelve Tables (law code from the 400s BCE) Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. [Later struck down.] Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp. 9-11. In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html (June 1998), August 10, 2002

Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings {rex=king} [2 Consuls and other magistrates] Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for patricians [Senate] Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens [committees and tribunes]

Balanced Government? Aristocratic Democratic Monarchical 2 Consuls + other magistrates Committees Councils, Tribunes

Magistrates (gov’t officials) Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum Censors Census and censorship Consuls Army Praetors Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans Aediles Quaestors Roads, water, etc. Financial matters Why is dictator not on the cursus honorum?

Theme #6: Roman State Religion The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church. Emperor Augustus dressed as a Roman priest Ritualistic, polytheistic religion People wanted the gods’ approval Priests (pontiffs) Sacrifices Taking of auspices (reading the liver of birds to predict the future) Watching the direction birds flew McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/abc-structures-2005/Lectures-2005/term-work/50-questions/sixth-five.html (March 30, 2013); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_04.shtml (Oct. 30, 2015).

Household Gods A family shrine to the “lares” (household gods and spirits) found in a Pompeii house C.N. Trueman, Ancient Rome and Religion, History Learning Site, March 16, 2015, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/ancient-rome-and-religion/ (Oct. 26, 2015)

Cross-cultural Religion Egyptian Horus in Roman military clothing Reconstruction of Aque Sulis bath in Bath, England, where Roman Britons worshipped not only Roman goddess Minerva but also Celtic god Sulis - therefore Sulis-Minerva. British Museum, Highlights: Egyptian god horus sculpture, N.d., http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/l/egyptian_god_horus_sculpture.aspx (Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery – Religion in the Roman Provinces, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_08.shtml (Oct. 30, 2015).

Gods from Elsewhere – Mystery Cults Persian god Mithras, “emissary of light”, popular in the first two centuries CE with soldiers and low government officials The Romans, Religion: Under the Empire, N.d., http://www.the-romans.co.uk/cults.htm (Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_07.shtml (Oct. 30, 2015); Wikipedia, Isis, Oct. 29, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis (Oct. 30, 2015).

Homework Day 1: Take notes on 172-176: Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern Spain Carthaginians, Hannibal Scipio Africanus Addition of eastern territory Coloniae Via Appia

Homework Takeup: 172-176 Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans. Name two societies the Romans defeated. What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans? How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

Social Customs Roman Social Customs Beliefs: Superstitious Greeks and Etruscans, added their own Auspices, military, elections, gods Astrology, zodiac Pontifex Maximus, calendar Animal sacrifices

Family Life and Morality Paterfamilias, household, wife, children, slaves Potestas Property Adoption Love Recognized

Education Education Together Latin Home, in public 16, Forum No education Girls