Ways to Conserve Water Take shorter showers Turn off the water while brushing your teeth Water your yard before 10 AM and after 6 PM Water twice a week according to your address Do not water during any form of precipitation Maintain sprinkler systems

Glossary DISD - Dallas Independent School District EEI (Environmental Education Initiative) - a K-12th grade school and community outreach program funded by the City of Dallas and administered by the Science Education Research Laboratory (SERL) at the University of North Texas. G.I.S. (Geographic Information Systems) – a tool used to visualize, question, analyze, interpret, and understand data to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. ZCTA (Zip Code Tabulation Area) – an area established by the Census in order to collect and report data. ZCTAs are similar to Zip Codes.

Research Boundaries Zip Code Map ZCTA Map Established by the post office in 1970s to make addressing easier. Established by the census to help collect data.

City of Dallas Outline: ZCTA

Overview Summary of previous year 2012 Research plan Results Next steps

In the Field… Training G.I.S. Learning Experiences Wastewater/water treatment plants

Summary of Previous Year (2011) Reevaluated research areas based on three years of water usage data Built maps using G.I.S. software representing the research areas Presented results of water data comparisons

Research Purpose Overall Goal: Through this study, we aim to measure the effects of education on public behavior in relation to water consumption. Steps to Reach Our Goal: Attempt to define a research area. Which areas to conduct the intervention and why? Through our analyses this summer, we attempt to define two research areas establishing a control and an area to permeate with education.

Variables Irrigation Ordinance Marketing Price of Water Precipitation Temperature Income Number of housing units Population Geographic Location Education

Price of Water per gallon per gallon per gallon per gallon per gallon Irrigation OrdinanceMarketing

Precipitation Website: water.weather.g ov /precip/downloa d.php Obtained from: National Weather Service

Target Research Areas

Precipitation & Target Research Area

Temperature Temperature is held as a constant due to its geographic location similarities.

Variables Constants Irrigation Ordinance Marketing Price of Water Precipitation Temperature Income Number of housing units Population Geographic Location Education

Development of ZCTA Groups Criteria used for selection Presence of a public elementary school Number of K-5 students served by EEI from Population in each ZCTA Three groups based on percent of population served Group A – 0% Group B – 0% < x < 2% Group C – ≥ 2% We are interested in comparing areas in which we have taught the most and the least

Statistics for Groups A, B, & C Population (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA on Ranks) p= Pairwise Multiple Comparison: Dunn’s Method B vs A - p<0.05 Housing Units (One Way ANOVA) p= Pairwise Multiple Comparison: Tukey Test B vs A - p<0.05 ABC n median15,94932,95021,894 ABC n mean ± sd 7,678 ± 3, ,052 ± 6, ,536 ± 5, Groups A and C are not significantly different in regards to population and the number of housing units (p>0.05, ANOVA).

Variables Constants Income Number of housing units Population Geographic Location Education Irrigation Ordinance Marketing Price of Water Precipitation Temperature

Statistics for Groups A, B, & C contd. Median Household Income (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA on Ranks) p= Pairwise Multiple Comparison: Dunn’s Method A vs C - p<0.05 ABC n Median$51,074$34,537$31,165 Groups A and C are significantly different in regards to the median household income (p<0.05, ANOVA).

Two Research Areas The statistical analysis revealed: Groups A and C are not different in regards to population and number of housing units Groups A and C are different in regards to income The statistical difference in regards to income showed us that there are two areas: Research Area 1 Research Area 2

Statistics for Research Area 1 and 2 Income: (t-test) p=0.459 Research Area 1 and Area 2 are not significantly different in regards to income (p>0.05), population (p>0.05), or housing units (p>0.05). Area 1Area 2 n33 mean ± sd$39,831 ± $8,741.04$35,475 ± $1,707.63

Variables Constants Income Geographic Location Education Marketing Irrigation Ordinance Price of Water Temperature Rainfall Number of housing units Population

ZCTA Quadrants

Plotted Research Areas

Research Areas with ZCTAs of Interests

Population (t-test) p= Statistics for Research Areas 1 and 2 Housing Units (t-test) p= Area 1Area 2 n44 Mean ± SD 20,281 ± 9, ,980 ± 25, Income (t-test) p= Area 1Area 2 n44 Mean ± SD 6,835 ± 2, ,520 ± 6, Area 1Area 2 n44 Mean ± SD $32,402 ± $4, $28,096 ± $6, Research Areas 1 and 2 are not statistically different in regards to population, housing units, or income (p>0.05, t-test).

Variables Constants Geographic Location Education Marketing Irrigation Ordinance Price of Water Temperature Precipitation Number of housing units Population Income

City of Dallas Outline: ZCTA

Research Area with Schools

Research Area with Water Data

Research Area 1

Research Area 2

Overlapping

Research Area 2 > 2% of population served Results: Water Usage Research Area 1 < 2% of population served Area 2 n359,040 Mean ± SD (gallons per month) 7,115 ± 8, Area 1 n163,156 Mean ± SD (gallons per month) 7,204 ± 8, Average monthly water usage in research Areas 1 and 2 are statistically different (p<0.001, t-test). The average water use in Area 2 is significantly lower, by 89 gallons, than the average water use in Area 1. p=

Conclusion: Research Area 1 The average monthly water use in Area 1 is significantly higher, by 89 gallons, than Area 2 (p<0.05, t-test).

Future Plans EEI will infiltrate Area 1 with graduate, certified teachers in an attempt to measure the effects of water conservation education on the area’s public water consumption. Public Elementary Schools in Area – Russell, Carpenter, Henderson, and Jordan – Tolbert, Webster, and Moreno – Bilhartz (Duncanville ISD) McNair

Thank You City of Dallas Water Utilities EEI UNT Team

What does this mean? Research Area % of the population served since 2006 Average monthly water use = 89 gallons less than Area 1 42,082 single family residential households 42,082 households X 89 gallons conserved per month 3,745,298 gallons conserved per month in Area 2 In one year, this would be a potential savings of 44,943,576 gallons of water for this entire area!