Egypt

THE NILE Agricultural NationAgricultural Nation Land ValuesLand Values TransportationTransportation

Mesopotamia Egypt Flooding irregular & destructiveFlooding irregular & destructive No natural borders against enemiesNo natural borders against enemies Flooding predictable & beneficialFlooding predictable & beneficial Natural borders of sea & desertNatural borders of sea & desert Rulers of different nationalitiesRulers of different nationalities Mostly a dynastic successionMostly a dynastic succession PessimisticPessimistic OptimisticOptimistic Gods cold & cruel & not to be trustedGods cold & cruel & not to be trusted Gods good & benevolentGods good & benevolent

Problems in Studying Egyptian Chronology Lack of a fixed system of reckoning yearsLack of a fixed system of reckoning years Lack of any objective Egyptian HistoriansLack of any objective Egyptian Historians Astronomical Dating MethodsAstronomical Dating Methods Translating the HieroglyphicsTranslating the Hieroglyphics

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Dynasties st Intermediate Period Dynasties Dynasties nd Intermediate Period 2686 – Pyramid era Era of the biblical patriarchs Era of Moses and the Exodus 3 rd Intermediate PeriodArchaic Period

LowerEgypt UpperEgypt RedCrown WhiteCrown

Narmer Pallet also known as Pharaoh Menes 3000 B.C. Unification of Egypt

Old Kingdom B.C.

Mastaba

Step Pyramid of Djoser

Bent Pyramid of Snefru

Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)

Pyramids Served as tombs More than a hundred in Egypt All on the west bank of the Nile

First Intermediate Period B.C. Entrance of BedouinsEntrance of Bedouins Advent of Pessimistic LiteratureAdvent of Pessimistic Literature

Middle Kingdom B.C.

First Intermediate Period B.C. Entrance of Bedouins

11 th Dynasty

Goshen

Suspicions against Israelites ForeignersForeigners ShepherdsShepherds GoshenGoshen Religious differencesReligious differences

Amenemhet III Irrigation SystemIrrigation System Record height of NileRecord height of Nile

2nd Intermediate Period B.C. Heka Khasewt (“Chieftans of a foreign hill country”) Hyksos (“Rulers of Countries”) Semitic

Thebes Hyksos 18th Dynasty

Valley of the Kings

Thutmoses IAmes HatshepsutThutmoses II MerytreNefrure Isit Thutmoses IIIAmenhotep I Ahmoses

HATSHEPSUT

THUTMOSES III

B.C.

Thutmoses IV B.C.

HatshepsutThutmoses II MerytreNefrure Isit Thutmoses III Thutmoses IV(Older Brother) Amenhotep II Amenhotep III

Amarna

From the King of Jerusalem to Amenhotep III The Habiru are plundering all the lands of the king. If no troops come in this very year, then all the lands of the king are lost.

Amenhotep IV Akhenaton

Tutankhamum Boy-king – 9 years old Changed name from Tutankhaton to Tutankhamun Return to old religious system Lack of military strength

Howard Carter Valley of the KingsValley of the Kings

Ark

Tabernacle containing the organs of the king

Ay Co-regent of TutankhaumCo-regent of Tutankhaum Tried to marry Ankhesenamun, widow of TutankhamunTried to marry Ankhesenamun, widow of Tutankhamun Letter to Suppiluliumas, king of the Hittites.Letter to Suppiluliumas, king of the Hittites. My husband, Nibkururia has recently died and I have no son. But your sons, they say, are many. If you will send me a son of yours, he shall become my husband.

Hittites Egypt

Horemheb B.C.

19 th Dynasty Rameses I Seti Rameses II

Hittites Egypt Kadesh Rameses II

Rameses II & the Hittites

Merneptah

Stele

Sea Peoples Rameses III

Solomon

Shishak