DEIXIS BY GROUP 1: AGRISSTO BINTANG A.P. (2003512005) RETNO KUSUMO DEWI (2003512076) AGUNG WAHYU P. (2003512078) DANIAR SOFENY (2003512093) NUR KHASANAH (0204511055)

“Listen, I ’m not disagreeing with you but with you and not about this but about this” ( someone’s says when the lights go out ) “Meet me here a week from now with the stick about this big.” ( a message on a bottle )

Hari ini kontan Besok boleh bon I’ll be back in an hour Untuk Kasihku --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ku tunggu kau di sini ---------- -----------

The words I, you, this, here, hari ini, besok, kau, di sini don’t have “constant referent” context dependent pointing language

What is deixis? Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extralinguistics context of the utterance such as , who is speaking, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the current location in the discourse It concerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983: 54). The deictic devices in a language commit a speaker to set up a frame of reference around herself (Saeed, 1997:173)

Philosophical Approaches Indexical expressions may be usefully approached by considering how truth-conditional semantics deals with certain natural language expression. ex: - You are the mother of Napoleon - This is an eighteenth-century man-trap. - Mary is in love with that fellow over there. - It is now 12.15

Definite Descriptions Donnellan (1966) in Levinson (1983) Referential Use The man drinking champagne is Lord Godolphin. Attributive Use The man who can lift this stone is stronger than an ox. That man ((the speaker indicates the man drinking champgne)) is Lord Godolphin.

Descriptive Approach Indexical expressions are approached by using the categories of deixis (person, place, time, discourse and social) Gesture usage Not that one, idiot, that one. Symbolic usage That’s a beautiful view. Non-deictic Uh, I did this and that. (non-anaphoric) John came in and he lit a fire (anaphoric)

Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as who is speaking the time or place of speaking the gestures of the speaker the current location in the discourse The topic of the discourse

For example, I is a deictic pronoun because it signals the speaker as the referent . Another characteristic of deictics such as I and you is that their referents change constantly depending on who is using them. I refers to me when I say it and refers to another person when he/she says it. In this sense, speakers and hearers constantly adjust their internal registry of deictics to keep up with the conversation.

Types of Deixis Levinson (1983) Person Deixis Time Deixis Place Deixis Discourse Deixis Social Deixis

1. Person deixis a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my,mine, you, your yours Is there a difference between these: - I want to see you, you but not you you can never tell if they are boys or girls these days b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs c) Honorifics -Your Majesty, sir, These terms of social deixis indicate social status

2. TIME DEIXIS Temporal Deixis

Time deixis is tense system The basis for system or reckoning and measuring time in most language seem to be natural and prominent cycles of day and night, lunar month, season and years. Levinson (1993, p. 73) Time deixis is tense system Grundy (2000, p. 31 - 32) The basic type of temporal deixis in English is in the choice of verb tense Yule (1996, 14 - 15)

Example: This/ last/ next Monday/ week/ month/ year. Now, then, ago, later, soon, before. Yesterday, today, tomorrow. Time deixis is an expression in relation to point to certain period when the utterance produced by the speaker

3. PLACE DEIXIS Spatial/ Space Deixis

Place Deixis concerns for the sspecification of locations to anchorage points in the speech event and typically the speaker. Levinson (1983, p. 79) There are three degrees of proximity is by no means uncommon, with some languages distinguishing proximity to the speaker and to the addressee. Grundy (2000, p. 28) Here (proximal), there (distal), where (and the erchaic hither, hence, thiter, thence, wither, whence), left, right, up, down, above, below, in front, behind, come go, bring, and take

Place deixis is an epression used to show the location relative to the location of a participant in the speech even.

4. DISCOURSE DEIXIS Concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself. (Levinson, 1983: 85)

Time discourse-deictic It seems natural that time-deictic words can be used to refer to portions of the discourse: Examples: Last week Next Thursday Last paragraph In the next Chapter

Demonstrative “This” and “That” Place discourse-deictic Demonstrative “This” and “That” “This” can be used to refers to a forthcoming portion of the discourse. i.g : I bet you haven’t heard this story “That” to a preceding portion i.g : That was the funniest story I’ve never heard

Anaphora Concern the use of ( usually ) a pronoun to refer to the same referent as some prior term, as in : “Harry’s a sweetheart, he’s so considerate”

5. SOCIAL DEIXIS Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63) Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realties of the social situation in which the speech act occurs. (Fillmore, 1975: 76 in Levinson, 1983: 89)

Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions which indicate higher status are described as honorifics. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes as social deixis. Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-called TV (tu/vous) pronouns in many language. (Cruse, 2000: 321)

There are two basic kinds of socially deictic information: RELATIONAL ABSOLUTE

RELATIONAL; The relations that typically expressed: Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics) Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee honorifics) Speaker and bystander (e.g. bystander or audience honorifics) Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)

ABSOLUTE socially deictic information: Authorized speaker: Thai: - ‘khrab’  a polite participle that can only be used by male speakers. - ‘kha’  a polite participle that can only be used by female speakers Authorized recipient: Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President

References Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grundy, P. 1995. Doing Pragmatics. London: St. Martin’s Press, Inc. Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thank you….