Chapter 2 Section 1

10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).

What was the Enlightenment and why did it happen? Which philosophers do you feel had the greatest effects on modern government? Why?

Scientific Revolution set forth the use of reason & logic to question all of nature’s laws Enlightenment was a new movement questioning all aspects of society – government, religion, economics & education This movement inspired three revolutions & established democracy as we know it Ancient Societies/ Greece & Rome Declaration of Independence Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man English Bill of Rights

 Philosophes believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life  Philosophy centers around 5 core concepts: Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

 Tabula Rasa- clean slate  Favored self-government  Natural Rights: All people born free & equal with right to Life, Liberty, and Property  Purpose of government is to protect the rights of its citizens

 All humans naturally selfish & wicked  Social Contract: People agree to give rights up to a strong ruler to avoid chaos  Absolute Monarchy Enlightened Despot

Aristocratic Lawyer Felt it was important to Separate gov’t powers into different branches Legislative Judicial Executive Each power should check the other 2

 Fought FOR tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech Écrasez l’infâme! (Crush the evil thing)

 Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness  “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”  Social Contract: People give up some freedom for the common good  Direct Democracy

French philosopher and writer Wanted to change the general way of thinking Father of the encyclopedia Denounced slavery Praised freedom of expression Urged education for all

 Women need education, just like men, to become virtuous & useful  Women’s rights to participate in politics  Equal rights for women

 Laws exist to keep social order, NOT to avenge crimes  Argued FOR speedy trials  Argued AGAINST torture, cruel & unusual punishments, capital punishment (death penalty)  Let punishment fit crime

Method of Delivery: Encyclopedia Salons Art Music Literature

 Belief in progress  through reason, a better society was possible  More secular outlook  questioning of religion  Importance of the individual  ability to reason what is right & wrong  People have the confidence that human reason can solve social problem

What was the Enlightenment and why did it happen? Which philosophers do you feel had the greatest effects on modern government? Why? Answer question in a minimum of 4 sentences – this is your summary