Biochemistry : Structure & Function of Macromolecules

Anatomy Physiology Cell Biology Biochemistry

I. Carbon A) Essential to life B) Cells are mostly carbon molecules & water C) Basic building block 1) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA D) Can form very large molecules

II. Synthesis and digestion A) Macromolecules - very large molecules B) Polymers - many (repeating) units 1) Made-up of Monomers - single units

II. Synthesis and digestion C) Dehydration synthesis - builds 1) Bonds monomers together, releasing water. D) Digestion - breakdown 1) AKA: hydrolysis (water breaking) 2) Adds water to broken ends

III. CARBOHYDRATES

III. Carbohydrates A) Monosaccharides 1) One sugar unit- molecular formula of CH 2 O 2) Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6; Fructose - C 6 H 12 O 6 B) Main fuel for cellular work C) Disaccharides - two sugar units

III. Carbohydrates D) Polysaccharides 1) Many sugar units 2) Starch: Energy storage in plants 3) Glycogen: Energy storage in animals 4) Cellulose: Structural molecule in plant cell walls

IV. LIPIDS

IV. Lipids A) Hydrophobic: Water- hating tail B) Hydrophilic: Water-loving head C) Fats and steroids

IV. Lipids D) Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids; AKA: Triglyceride E) Cushion; insulate; long-term energy storage F) Saturated - no double bonds- all possible H G) Unsaturated- double bonds - fewer H atoms

IV. Lipids H) Steroids- Hydrophobic; Form 4 fused rings I) Steroids are made from cholesterol 1) Turn into sex hormones: a) Estrogen; Testosterone 2) Component of cell membranes

V. PROTEINS

V. Proteins A) Composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

V. Proteins B) Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; forming a polypeptide (aka protein)

V. Proteins C) Primary structure 1) Is the order of the amino acids 2) 20 different amino acids found in all living creatures 3) Change can cause disease a) Sickle cell anemia

V. Proteins D) Secondary and tertiary structure 1) Twisting & folding; bonding between different parts; 3-D shape of the protein

V. Proteins E) Quaternary structure 1)Interaction between more than one polypeptide

V. Proteins F) Enzymes: 1) Kind of protein catalysts 2) Enzymes lower the energy required for a chemical reaction in the body to occur 3) Enzymes themselves are not used up in the reaction; thus, one enzyme can be used multiple times

VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS

VI. Nucleic acids A) Nucleic acids are recipes for proteins (blueprints for making things in the body). B) Two types 1) DNA - DeoxyriboNucleic Acid 2) RNA - RiboNucleic Acid

VI. Nucleic acids C) Made of: Sugars, Phosphates, & Nitrogenous Bases 1) Bases: Adenine – A; Cytosine – C; Guanine – G; Thymine - T; Uracil – U D) Dehydration synthesis makes the polymer. E) Digestion breaks down the polymer.