Bone Mineral Density Measurements and Risk Factor Assessment for Osteoporosis in Saudi Females Presenter: Jamilah Al-Saedan, Bsc. Pharm Advisor: Dr. Hisham Abou Auda, PhD Co-Advisor: Maha M Al-Rasheed, Msc. Pharm

Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporotic bone changes are initially silent and can progress undetected until a low trauma fraction occurs.

Introduction The bones in our skeleton are made of a thick outer shell and a strong inner mesh filled with collagen (protein), calcium salts and other minerals. The inside looks like honeycomb, with blood vessels and bone marrow in the spaces between bone.

Introduction Osteoporosis results from an unhealthy imbalance between two normal activities of bone: bone resorption and bone formation. These activities rely on two major types of cells: osteoblasts for bone formation and osteoclasts for bone resorption. These combined processes are referred to as bone remodeling or bone turnover.

Introduction Under normal circumstances, bone remodeling should not lead to a net loss of bone. Conditions that increase bone resorption or decrease bone formation can cause uncoupling of the remodeling process and lead to bone loss.

Research Question Are Bone Mineral Density measurements associated with local cultural risk factors for osteoporosis in healthy Saudi females?

Logistical Procedures

Centers KSU Malaz PSC Al- Manahil Study Design is cross sectional, prospective. Participants included 160 healthy Saudi female volunteers from three centers.

Instruments 1)Quantitative Ultrasound Device (QUS): SAHARA ultrasound bone densitometer (Hologic, Waltham, USA). 2) A scale to measure the weight and height of the entrants. 3) Data collection sheet, via a structured interview as a checklist for obtaining the pertinent information.

SAHARA QUS

Group 2 n (%) Group 1 n (%) Exercise Status (25.4)15(28.7)29Sedentary (44.1)26(37.6)38Mildly Active (16)10(24.8)25Moderately Active (13.6)8(8.9)9Very Active (100)59(100)101Total Characteristics of Participants

Participant Characteristics Group 2 (%) Group 2 (n) Group 1 (%) Group 1 (n) Exposure to sun (mins/day) 89.8%5396%97< %53% %11%1> %59100%101Total

Participant Characteristics Group 2 (%) Group 2 (n) Group 1 (%) Group 1 (n) Reproductive History 3.4%27.9%8 Amenorrhea>3month 13.6%826.7%27 Irregular Menstrual Periods 8.5%500 Menopause 33.9%2025.8%26 Late menarche (onset>13 yr) 20.3%128.9%9 Hx of oral contraceptives 13.6%816.8%17 Family Hx of osteoporosis

Participant Characteristics Group 2 (SD) Group 2 (Mean) Group 1 (SD) Group 1 (Mean) BMD and T- score BMD T-Score

Participant Characteristics Group 2 (%) Group 2 (n) Group 1 (%) Group 1 (n) T-Score 69.5%4178.2%79 Normal>1 28.8%1718.8%19 Osteopenia (-1 to -2.4) 1.7% 11%1 Osteoporosis ( >2.5) 100% 59100%101 Total