ANTH205/Biological Anthropology Evolutionary Genetics The Cell: 1) The Nucleus2) The Cytoplasm 1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The Cell 1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine) © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2

The Cell 1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine) => Codon (3 nucleotides) 3 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Cell 1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine) => Codon (3 nucleotides)=> Gene (alleles) A Coding Gene is that portion of the DNA molecule that carries the codon sequence for a particular protein. A codon represents an amino acid FeatureAnalogueMeaning baseletter codonwordamino acid genesentenceprotein None Coding Genes -Switch Genes -Body Plan Genes 4 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

From Genotype to Phenotype Genotype: The alleles possessed by an organism. Phenotype: The chemical or physical results of the genetic code. From Gene to Trait Combinations of alleles give us genotypes. These genotypes code for traits. The observable traits are the phenotypes.

From Genotype to Phenotype Protein Synthesis The process by which the genetic code puts together proteins in the cell. 1) Transcription The process during which messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed from the DNA code in the nucleus. BasicDetailedBasicDetailed 2) Translation The process during which the mRNA code builds a protein using amino acids supplied by transfer RNA (tRNA) in the cytoplasm. BasicDetailed BasicDetailed

From Generation to Generation Gametes Production Mitosis The process of cell division that results in two exact copies of the original cell. Meiosis The process of cell division in which gametes are produced. Mitosis Meiosis © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7

From Generation to Generation Gametes Production 3-8 MitosisMitosis MeiosisMeiosis

The Processes of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9

The Processes of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 10 Gene Flow: Mixing Populations’ Genes When members of different breeding populations interbreed, new genetic combinations are produced in the offspring.

The Processes of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Genetic Drift: Random Evolution Fission, the founder effect, and gene flow are particularly important in the evolution of our species.

The Processes of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12

The Processes of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13

The Origin of Species and The Shape of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 14

The Origin of Species and The Shape of Evolution © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 15

A Brief Evolutionary Timetable © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 16

A Brief Evolutionary Timetable © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17

A Brief Evolutionary Timetable © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18

Linnaean Taxonomy © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 19

The Primate © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 20

The Primate © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 21

The Primate © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 22

The Primates © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 23

The Primates © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 24

The Primates © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 25

The Primates © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 26

The Primates © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 27

Studying the Human Past © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 28

Studying the Human Past © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 29

Studying the Human Past © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30

Studying the Human Past © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 31 Old Bones: Locating, Recovering and Dating fossils A fossil is a priceless treasure, and finding one is an uncommon event.

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 32

Studying the Human Past © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 33

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 34

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 35

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© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 37

Evolution of the Hominins © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 38

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 39

The Evolution of Genus Homo © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 40

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 41 Lomekwi mya

The Evolution of Genus Homo © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 42

The Debate over Modern Human Origins © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 43

The Debate over Modern Human Origins © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 44