I. I.Characteristics of Biological Systems D. D.Regulation Metabolic processes controlled to maintain homeostasis Feedback regulation may be Negative (Ex: Glucose metabolism) Positive (Ex: Blood clotting)

Fig 1.13

I. I.Characteristics of Biological Systems E. E.Growth and Development Increase in cell number, size, both Uniform or local growth Determinate or indeterminate growth Development: Changes in structure and/or function F. F.Reproduction Asexual – No gametes Sexual Genetic material from multiple individuals Creates genetic variation – important for adaptation and evolution

I. I.Characteristics of Biological Systems G. G.Evolutionary Adaptation Change over multiple generations Involves natural selection

Peppered Moth

II. II.Cellular Basis of Life All organisms composed of cells Organisms unicellular or multicellular First observations of cork cells by Robert Hooke (1665) First observations of microorganisms by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (~1665) Cell Theory developed in by Schleiden and Schwann using inductive reasoning Later: Cells come from other cells, providing basis for growth, reproduction, and repair

II. II.Cellular Basis of Life A. A.Cell types 1. 1.Prokaryotic Domains Archaea and Bacteria No membrane-bounded organelles or membrane- bounded nucleus DNA not separated from rest of cell Most with tough exterior cell walls Usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells 2. 2.Eukaryotic Domain Eukarya (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protists) Membrane-bounded organelles DNA separated from rest of cell as chromosomes in nucleus Some have cell walls (Plantae, Fungi)

Fig. 1.8

III. III.Transmission of Heritable Information Basis for most species on earth is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Double-stranded backbone with four types of nucleotide building blocks Organized into functional units called genes Fundamental units of heredity Transmission of genes  transmission of traits All known forms of life use same genetic code Genetic complement of an organism = genome

Fig. 1.11

IV. IV.Diversity of Life About 1.8 million described species 1,000,000+ insects 290,000+ plants 100,000+ fungi 52,000 vertebrates Estimated total: million Classification system: taxonomy System developed by Carolus Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Shared characteristics unite members of a taxon (group)

Fig. 1.14

Fig. 1.15

IV. IV.Diversity of Life Unity in diversity Similarities among distantly-related species

Fig How can this happen?

V. V.Evolution Concept underlies virtually all of modern biology Explains unity and diversity of life Involves responses by species (not organisms) to their environment Charles Darwin (1859) – On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Synthesis of information from biology and geology

V. V.Evolution A. A.Descent with Modification Species change from generation to generation Contemporary species arose from ancestral species B. B.Natural Selection Mechanism for evolutionary change

Fig. 1.20