Do Now: Based on the map, what can you tell must’ve happened in many South American countries between 1790 and 1828?

I. Spanish Colonies’ Social Structure  Spanish colonial society was based on race and had five classes Peninsulares landowners gov’t officials Creoles led most revolutions Mestizos Mulattoes Slaves / Native Americans

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BEFORE REVOLUTIONS French “The Three Estates” Haitian Spanish Colonies Peninsulares Clergy White Settlers Creoles Nobility Free Blacks / Mixed Race Mestizos Mulattoes Peasants Slaves Slaves / Native Americans

II. Independence Movements The leaders of most independence movements in South America were creoles who had been educated in Europe. They brought back Enlightenment ideas that had inspired the American and French revolutions. They were also inspired by Haiti’s defeat of France, and even received military assistance from Haiti’s leader, Alexander Petion. In Europe, Spain was busy fighting Napoleon, which helps explain why most Spanish colonies had become independent by 1828.

Topic Sentence Napoleon Bonaparte and Simon Bolivar were two military masterminds who were similar in many ways. One way in which they were similar was that both their actions demonstrate that they believed in some principles of the Enlightenment. Both of them had privileged upbringings, which is what allowed them to become familiar with the Enlightenment and pursue careers in the military. Describe similarity Facts, examples, and details about A that prove similarity For example, Napoleon was born to noble parents, and even though they were minor nobles, this allowed him to be a military officer. After rising in rank to general and seizing power, Napoleon issued the Napoleonic Code, a set of laws that contained many Enlightenment ideals. Transitional phrase Simon Bolivar was born to Creole parents. This allowed him to be educated in Spain where he was exposed to Enlightenment ideas. After he won independence from Spain, he established a government based off the U.S. Constitution, which was heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophers. Similarly, Facts, examples, and details about B that prove similarity

REMINDERS Final unit assessment on Monday Napoleon assignment packets due Monday