Diseases and disorders Urinary system Diseases and disorders

cystitis Inflammation of the bladder Cause=pathogens entering the urinary meatus More common in females due to short urethra Symptoms=frequent urination, hematuria, lower back pain, bladder spasm, fever Treatment=antibiotics, increase fluid intake

glomerulonephritis AKA nephritis Inflammation of the glomerulus Can be acute or chronic

Acute glomerulonephritis Usually follows a streptococcal infection like strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever Symptoms=chills, fever, fatigue, edema, oliguria, hematuria, albuminuria

Acute glomerulonephritis Treatment=rest, salt restriction, maintain fluid & electrolyte balance, antipyretics, diuretics, antibiotics With treatment, kidney function is usually restored, & prognosis is good

chronic glomerulonephritis Repeated cases of acute nephritis can cause chronic nephritis Progressive, causes scarring & sclerosing of glomeruli Early symptoms=hematuria, albuminuria, htn With disease progression more glomeruli are destroyed

chronic glomerulonephritis Later symptoms=edema, fatigue, anemia, htn, anorexia, weight loss, chf, pyuria, renal failure, death Treatment=low Na diet, antihypertensive meds, maintain fluids & electrolytes, hemodialysis, kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged

pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney & renal pelvis Cause=pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria Symptoms=chills, fever, back pain, fatigue, dysuria, hematuria, pyuria Treatment=antibiotics, increase fluid intake

Renal calculus Aka urinary calculus or kidney stone Cause=salts in the urine precipitate (form a solid) Small calculi pass in the urine Larger calculi get stuck in the renal pelvis or ureter

Renal calculus Symptoms=sudden, intense pain (renal colic), hematuria, nausea & vomiting, frequent urge to void, urinary retention Treatment=increase fluids, pain meds, strain all urine to see if stones are being eliminated

Renal calculus Treatment=extra-corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy Lithotripsy=high-energy pressure waves crush the stones so they can be passed in the urine Surgery can be done to remove the calculi

Renal failure Kidneys stop functioning Can be acute (ARF) or chronic (CRF)

Acute Renal failure Caused by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, dehydration Symptoms=oliguria or anuria, headache, ammonia odor to breath, edema, cardiac arrhythmia, uremia

Acute Renal failure Treatment=dialysis, restrict fluid intake, Good prognosis if condition causing arf can be corrected

Chronic Renal failure Results from progressive loss of kidney function Waste products accumulate in the blood & affect many body systems

Chronic Renal failure Caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, htn, toxins, diabetes, long-term substance abuse, alcoholism

Chronic Renal failure Symptoms=nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased mental ability, convulsions, muscle irritability, ammonia odor to breath, uremic frost (white crystals on the skin), coma, death

Chronic Renal failure Treatment=dialysis, diet & fluid restrictions, skin &mouth care Kidney transplant is the only cure

uremia Aka azotemia Toxic condition that Occurs when kidneys fail & waste products are present in the bloodstream Causes=any condition that affects kidney function (renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypotension)

uremia Symptoms=headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, ammonia odor to breath, oliguria, anuria, mental confusion, convulsions, coma, eventually death Treatment=restricted diet, cardiac meds to increase bp, dialysis, kidney transplant

urethritis Inflammation of the urethra Causes=bacteria (gonococcus), virus, chemicals (bubble bath) More common in males than females

urethritis Symptoms=dysuria, redness & itching at urinary meatus, purulent discharge Treatment=sitz baths; warm, moist compresses; antibiotics; increase fluid intake