By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

The Geography of Rome

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans  Writing  Religion  The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE  Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Movement Towards Empire Breakdown of the RepublicBreakdown of the Republic –282 BC series of wars lead to conquest of the Mediterranean –No plan at all –Samnite War leads to war with Pyrrhus of Epirus in Greece Two major battles Romans lose both, but so many Greek Casualties they withdrawTwo major battles Romans lose both, but so many Greek Casualties they withdraw Moves to Sicily and Defeats Carthage but so unpopular returns to ItalyMoves to Sicily and Defeats Carthage but so unpopular returns to Italy All Greek city states fall to Rome and he returns to GreeceAll Greek city states fall to Rome and he returns to Greece

Carthaginian Empire

Rome and Carthage 1 st Punic War BC1 st Punic War BC –Former Phoenician colony has absolute monopoly on trade in Western Mediterranean –Messina (Sicily) asks aid from Carthage V. Pyrrhus (Alarms Rome) –Carthaginian Military Superb Navy and Cavalry, weak infantrySuperb Navy and Cavalry, weak infantry

Rome and Carthage Course of the WarCourse of the War –Phase BC Brief Struggle over Syracuse and Rome decides to drive Carthage from SicilyBrief Struggle over Syracuse and Rome decides to drive Carthage from Sicily –Phase 2 (Need a Navy) Can’t out-sail Carthage Fleet Can’t out-sail Carthage Fleet Create land battle at sea using Corvii or Raven and eliminate Carthage fleetCreate land battle at sea using Corvii or Raven and eliminate Carthage fleet –Phase 3 Spartan Mercenaries and Elephants destroy a Roman Army and Roman Fleet wrecked by a stormSpartan Mercenaries and Elephants destroy a Roman Army and Roman Fleet wrecked by a storm –Phase 4 = forced loans, rebuild fleet, cut off Sicily an seize it (Carthaginian Generals Crucified 241, Paid a war indemnity and get control of Sicily)

Hannibal’s Route

The 2 nd Punic War BC Carthage recovers by building new empire in SpainCarthage recovers by building new empire in Spain Spanish town of Saguntum places itself under Roman protection in 220 BCSpanish town of Saguntum places itself under Roman protection in 220 BC –Saguntines then interfere with Spanish allies of Carthaginian General Hannibal –Hannibal attacks and captures Saguntum and Rome declares war –Hannibal invades Italy with 40,000 men 10,000 cavalry and War Elephants (crosses the Alps) –Trebia 218, Lake Trasmiene 217, Cannae 215 all huge defeats for Rome –Hannibal chooses not to attack Rome and key is loyalty of Roman allies –Macedon allies with Hannibal but little effect on conflict –Romans avoid direct fight with Hannibal and sent separate Army to Spain and cut off his supplies –204Rome invades Carthage Hannibal returns and loses to Scipio –Rome controls the western Mediterranean

Results of the Second Punic War New Imperial system createdNew Imperial system created –Citizenship not given to new territories –New territories become provinces with governors Governors have full imperium, no checks on power and terms longer than 1 yearGovernors have full imperium, no checks on power and terms longer than 1 year New populations are subjects, who pay tribute (taxes)New populations are subjects, who pay tribute (taxes) Tax farmers are usedTax farmers are used New system threatens the republicNew system threatens the republic

Conquest of the Hellenistic World Aggressive monarchs Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Seleucid Dynasty threaten stability in the Eastern MediterraneanAggressive monarchs Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Seleucid Dynasty threaten stability in the Eastern Mediterranean –200 BC order Philip to leave Greek cities alone and in 198 to leave Greece completely –Defeat Philip in 197 and Greece becomes a protectorate –Antiochus intervenes but is defeated and Asia Minor becomes a protectorate –179 Philip’s son Perseus stirs up revolts and Macedon is crushed and split into 4 provinces –So profitable that direct taxes on Romans are abandoned –146 BC Rome destroys Carthage for no apparent reason and absorb the territory

Conquest of the Hellenistic World

Reform Leaders  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer  Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

PompeyPompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

The First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar  Marcus Licinius Crassus  Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate  Octavian Augustus  Marc Antony  Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana : 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Terrible Third century Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius –Natural disasters, floods, famine, plague –Lost population, shortage of troops –Fails to adopt competent successor and gives throne to son Commodus Septimus Severus Septimus Severus –Brief civil war and marches to Rome from North Africa, seizes power –“… pay the legions and ignore everyone else.” –Severan Dynasty to 325 Military monarchy, army expanded, pay increased, military occupies all key government positionsMilitary monarchy, army expanded, pay increased, military occupies all key government positions

Barracks Emperors Anarchy follows the SeveransAnarchy follows the Severans Period of continual civil warPeriod of continual civil war Bribe the Army and become EmperorBribe the Army and become Emperor 22 Emperors and all but 2 killed22 Emperors and all but 2 killed Invasions by Persians and Valerian captured, humiliated and stuffedInvasions by Persians and Valerian captured, humiliated and stuffed German InvasionsGerman Invasions –Goths: Balkans, Greece, Asia Minor –Franks : Gaul/Spain –Alemanni: invade Italy –Aurelian restores old borders except Dacia

Economic Crisis of the 3 rd Century Invasions, plague leads to economic crisisInvasions, plague leads to economic crisis –Population declines by 1/3 –Trade, small industry, farms decline –Fewer workers –Army confiscates produce/livestock –Governors helpless Money collapseMoney collapse –Debased currency, gold gone –Silver coins diluted, barter resumes Forced to hire barbarians w/o tradition, ties to empire or emperorForced to hire barbarians w/o tradition, ties to empire or emperor

4 th Century Restoration Diocletian Diocletian –Reorganizes empire: 100 provinces, 12 Dioceses (Vicar), 4 Prefectures (Praetorian) 2 halves ruled by “Augustus” and a “Caesar”, 4 Capitols. –Succeeded by Constantine They have greater power than any previous emperorThey have greater power than any previous emperor –Divine authority, kneel before them, senate negated, civil and military split and linked only by emperor’s –Army raised to 500,000 but poorly trained Germans and Yugoslavs –Constantine moves Capital to Constantinople Rome too far from borders and symbolic value onlyRome too far from borders and symbolic value only

Economic, Social, Cultural Change in the Late Empire Army and Bureaucracy consume all taxesArmy and Bureaucracy consume all taxes Population stagnantPopulation stagnant Use Coercion to protect tax baseUse Coercion to protect tax base Diocletian- max wages, prices, taxes in “kind”Diocletian- max wages, prices, taxes in “kind” Constantine- new coin “solidus”Constantine- new coin “solidus” Force officials to stay in jobsForce officials to stay in jobs –Pay taxes from their own resources, then collect from citizens –Positions made hereditary/private sector jobs (farmers) too –Forced to return if they flee and are caught –Free tenant farmers forced to stay on land (serfs) –Poor pay most taxes, rich bribe tax collectors –Lower class support for Emperor’s erodes –They welcome invaders as it frees them from tax burden –Temporary success but stifles creativity and growth

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine:

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome  Republic Government  Roman Law  Latin Language  Roman Catholic Church  City Planning  Romanesque Architectural Style  Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch