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Psychoanalytic Perspective Humanistic Perspective Trait Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective Exploring The Self

In Psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Free Association

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

Superego

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved.

Fixation

Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Regression

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

Displacement

According to Maslow, this is the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.

Self-Actualization

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Unconditional Positive Regard

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Self-Concept

Name the three conditions that are necessary for a growth- promoting environment

Genuineness Acceptance Empathy

Name the five components of the hierarchy of needs.

Physiological Needs Safety Needs Belongingness and Love Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Trait

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Personality Inventory

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Empirically Derived Test

Name the “Big Five” Personality Factors

Emotional Stability Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness

The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

Reciprocal Determinism

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Personal Control

Brian fails his American History test and he blames his failing grade on the difficulty of the test. His attitude exemplifies this.

External Locus of Control

Kristina is given a starting position on her school’s volleyball team. She believes that she has worked very hard and that is why she has been rewarded with a starting position. Her attitude exemplifies this.

Internal Locus of Control

The passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Learned Helplessness

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Self-Serving Bias

DOUBLE JEOPARDY

Subsidiary Topic 5 Question 2

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals, and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Individualism

Asian cultures are more likely to be classified as this due to their tendency to give priority to the goals of one’s group and define one’s identity accordingly

Collectivistic

Proposes that faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.

Terror-Management Theory

Cara is walking up the stairs to her second period class and trips because of her shoes. She thinks that everybody saw her trip and she is extremely embarrassed. What effect is Cara the victim of?

Spotlight Effect – overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders