Vital Signs

Vital Signs Homeostasis Vital Signs state of equilibrium body functions essential to life assessment of pulse respiration blood pressure temperature

The Pulse Pulse: Measures HR Blood vessels expand & contract when heart beats Reflects condition of CV system Normal RHR = 60 to 100 bpm Heart Facts

Pulse Sites Location of pulse sites: carotid artery (neck) brachial artery (anterior elbow) radial artery ( wrist) femoral artery (inguinal) popliteal (posterior knee) dorsalis pedis (top of foot) posterior tibial (medial ankle)

The Pulse Arrhythmias disorder of HR or rhythm caused by malfunction of electrical system Tachycardia - RHR higher than 100 bpm Bradycardia - RHR below 60 bpm 3. Irregular - uneven heartbeats or skipping of beats

The Pulse Rapid but weak pulse Rapid and strong Shock Dehydration Heat exhaustion Rapid and strong Heat stroke Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Circulatory System Blood Vessels tubes that transports blood carries O2 and nutrients to all cells and tissues carries CO2 and other wastes away from cells body has approx 60,000 miles of blood vessels

Circulatory System Types of blood vessels Arteries & Arterioles carry O2 blood away from heart to all body cells and tissues Veins & Venules carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from body cells Capillaries connects arterioles and venules Blood Vessels

Human Heart Facts Facts Size of your fist Adult female – 8 oz Adult male – 10 oz Beats approximately 100,000 times a day Pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood a day

Structures of the Heart 4 Chambers of the Heart Atriums Upper chambers (right & left) Collects blood Ventricles Lower chambers (right and left) Pumps blood Septum Wall that divides heart in right and left halves Atrial and Ventricular septum

Dissected Heart

Heart Valves Heart Valves - keeps blood flowing in one direction tricuspid valve bicuspid valve (mitral) aortic valve pulmonary valve

Other Structures of the Heart Chordae Tendinae “strings” that open and close heart valves Papillary Muscle Mounds of muscle to which chordae tendinae attach Pericardium Fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart Myocardium Thick middle muscle layer

Locate the following: 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3 Locate the following: 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. tricuspid valve 4. ventricular septum 5. left atrium 6. right atrium 7. papillary muscle 8. cordae tendinae

Major Blood Vessels of Heart Aorta Blood from heart to body Pulmonary Artery From heart to lungs Pulmonary Vein From lungs to heart Vena Cavas From body to heart Coronary Artery Supplies blood to heart muscle

Diagram of the Heart Blood flow

Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Systolic (top #) Diastolic (bottom #) pressure exerted by circulating blood against the walls of arteries Systolic (top #) ventricles contracting Diastolic (bottom #) ventricles relaxing atriums contracting

Blood Pressure Normal – 120/80 Abnormal systolic: below 100 or above140 Abnormal diastolic: below 65 or above 90

Measuring Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure Hypertension Hypotension high blood pressure indicator of cardiac problems and strokes Hypotension low blood pressure could indicate shock, dehydration or internal bleeding

Respiration Respiration (breathing) Single respiration brings O2 into body while taking CO2 out of body Single respiration one inspiration (in) and one expiration (out)

Respiration 15 years and older Well-trained athlete 15 to 20 breaths per minute Well-trained athlete 6 to 8 breaths per minute

Abnormal Respiration in Athletes Asthma bronchial tubes constrict wheezing sound Bronchitis inflammation of bronchial tubes difficulty breathing Fx or bruised ribs painful to breath fx could puncture a lung

Temperature Temperature internal body temp normal – 98.6º F abnormal illness heat exhaustion heat stroke

Emergency Care Key to dealing with emergencies: Establish and implement Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Careful observation of athlete Accurate measurement of vital signs CPR 911

Assessments Assessment Visual observations include: deformities evaluation of a patient’s physical condition look, listen, touch (palpate) Visual observations include: deformities discoloration inability to function incoherent

Types of Assessments Primary Survey Secondary Survey examination to determine life threatening injuries Performed 1st If conscious, move to secondary survey Secondary Survey head to toe physical exam pinpoint injury or condition still could be emergency situation

Primary Survey Primary Survey A = airway B = breathing C = circulation Not, open airway Protect cervical spine B = breathing C = circulation Assess pulse No pulse? CPR and 911

Secondary Survey History Observation Palpation Special Tests consciousness, MOI, symptoms Observation Looking for swelling, discoloration, deformities Palpation Touch and feel injured area Special Tests ROM, strength testing, specific tests

SOAP Notes Subjective Objective Assessment Plan History and subjective info What the athlete tells you MOI, pain, symptoms Objective What you observe Measurements and tests Assessment Likely diagnosis Plan Treatment plan RICE, NSAIDS, rehab, ect….