ADAPTATIONS and HUMAN TRANSPORT

PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY = having pores or openings that permit particles to pass through The cell membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE Meaning that: Some substances can pass freely Small molecules (lipids, H2O, CO2, O2, glucose, amino acids) Some substances can not pass through large molecules (starch and proteins)

DIFFUSION DIFFUSION = movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Even distribution of molecules results in equilibrium

DIFFUSION

TYPES OF DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION works with the concentration gradient substances diffuse quicker than what would be expected specialized transport protein in the cell membrane carries the molecule across the cell membrane

TRANSPORT PROTEINS specialized transport protein in the cell membrane carries the molecule across the cell membrane this can be with the gradient (facilitated diffusion) or against the gradient (active transport)

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT PASSIVE TRANSPORT - DIFFUSION No energy used Direction is with the concentration gradient ACTIVE TRANSPORT Requires energy Usually against the concentration gradient Two ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane (active transport – requires energy) Substances are carried across the cell membrane using transport proteins found in the cell membrane using vesicles formed by the cell membrane

ACTIVE TRANSPORT Substances are carried across the cell membrane using vesicles formed by the cell membrane Endocytosis Materials enclosed in a pocket along the membrane that pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell – then materials are released into the cell Pintocytosis = transporting liquids via vesicles Phagocytosis = transporting solids via vesicles Exocytosis = materials out of the cell via vacuoles

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

OSMOSIS OSMOSIS– always referring to water Diffusion of water - moves with the concentration gradient Pure water (highest concentration of H2O molecules) flows to water with solute (lower concentration of H2O molecules)

OSMOSIS

Effects of Osmosis Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

An Isotonic Solution

Hypotonic Solution

Hypertonic Solution

Distilled water (Hypotonic solution) Concentrated salt water (Hypertonic solution)

TRANSPORT Process by which substances move in or out of cells and/or are distributed within the cells If cells are not in close contact with the outside environment, they need a circulatory system

A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Transports materials to and from all parts of the organism Is a link between cells and the environment Has three parts: Fluid = in which materials are transported Vessels = network of tubes or body spaces where fluid flows Pump = what drives the fluid through the tubes or spaces

OPEN vs. CLOSED SYSTEMS Open circulatory system = blood flows directly into the body spaces and has no blood pressure Closed circulatory system = blood stays in the vessels at all times and has a blood pressure

ADAPTATIONS IN TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT IN PROTISTS No circulatory system Diffusion and active transport move materials in and out of the cell Movement in the cell of materials by cyclosis Food is digested in the food vacuoles and nutrients are absorbed into the rest of the cell by diffusion

TRANSPORT IN THE HYDRA No circulatory system Ectoderm lines the outside of the body, endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity Both layers use diffusion to exchange dissolved O2, CO2, and wastes between cells and the external environment Nutrients move into the endoderm by diffusion and active transport Nutrients move from the endoderm into the ectoderm by diffusion Substances move within the cells by cyclosis Muscular movements move materials within the gastrovascular cavity This stops wastes from collecting along the surface of the endoderm Flagella (on the endoderm cells) also move materials in the gastrovascular cavity **the gastrovascular cavity is used for digestion and transport processes**

TRANSPORT IN THE GRASSHOPPER Open circulatory system Blood not always in the vessels Blood flows directly into body spaces, bathing the tissues Blood is colorless because it does not contain hemoglobin (no transport of O2 or CO2) Blood mainly used to transport nutrients and wastes Aorta along the back and a tubular heart (near the rear) pushes the blood forward Blood leaves the aorta at the head Blood baths all the body tissues as it trickles through the body spaces Exchange of materials occurs in these spaces Blood is kept moving by body movements Eventually the blood circulates back to the heart

TRANSPORT IN THE GRASSHOPPER

Transport in the earthworm A closed circulatory system Much more complex system Has organs and an organ system (circulatory system) because its cells are not directly in contact with the environment The circulatory system has three parts: Blood (contains hemoglobin which increases the amount of O2 the blood can carry) Dorsal vessel which runs along the top Ventral vessel which runs along the bottom Connected by aortic arches Blood flows dorsal ventral smaller vessels capillaries Every cell is near a capillary Diffusion occurs between the walls of the capillaries and the cells of the body

Transport in the earthworm

FAB 5 ABSORPTION CIRCULATION OTHER PROTISTS: AMOEBA PARAMECIUM HYDRA EARTHWORM GRASSHOPPER Diffusion out of food vacuole into cytoplasm Food – pseudopods (phagocytosis) All cells in contact with environment No circulatory system Cyclosis – movement of the cytoplasm Gases – diffusion + active transport Diffusion out of the food vacuole All cells in contact with environment No circulatory system Food – oral groove Gases – diffusion through the membrane Cyclosis – movement of the cytoplasm Both cells layers in contact with environment No circulatory system Diffusion of food and gases Cyclosis Food - typhlosole Closed circulatory system Blood carries nutrients, gases, water and wastes Carried by blood Gases – diffusion through moist skin Food - Intestine blood bathes body cells Open circulatory system No hemoglobin Colorless blood Does not carry gases Single dorsal aorta Tubular heart Gases - spiracles

HUMAN TRANSPORT

BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES carries blood away from the heart to organs and tissues have thick, elastic walls arterioles are the smallest arteries

BLOOD VESSELS VEINS carries blood from organs and tissues to the heart walls are thin and slightly elastic contain valves to allow blood flow in only one direction smallest veins called venules when walls lose elasticity – varicose veins

Valves in Veins

Varicose Veins

Capillaries connects arterioles and venules walls are a single layer of cells allow exchange of dissolved nutrients, wastes, and oxygen

Capillaries

Compare an artery, vein and a capillary

Major arteries and veins of the human body

Capillaries in the liver

Complete the worksheet on page 16 in your packet Red blood cell Capillary Body cell Lymph vessel Arteriole Venule

Complete the worksheet on page 16 in your packet In area 1, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? Oxygenated In area 2, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? Deoxygenated What materials are diffusing from the blood to the cells? Oxygen and nutrients What materials are diffusing from the cells to the blood? Carbon dioxide and wastes

BLOOD VESSEL CROSSECTION DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION of VESSEL WALL BLOOD FLOW OTHER INFORMATION ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARY LYMPH VESSEL Carries oxygenated blood to all tissues Under pressure Blood spurts Pulse is artery expanding with pressure ie: aorta, carotid, femoral arteries Thick Elastic Muscular Round AWAY FROM THE HEART Thinner wall Non-elastic Partially collapsed Carries deoxygenated blood Little pressure Even flow Valves prevent backflow TO THE HEART ONLY ONE CELL LAYER THICK microscopic Connects arterioles to venules Exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and body cells Carries fluid from tissues to veins Very small tubes with dead ends Contains lymph nodes (helps with immunity) ICF = intercellular fluid

THE HUMAN HEART

Please turn to page 17 in your note packet THE HUMAN HEART Please turn to page 17 in your note packet

The Heart Contractions of its muscle fibers force blood to flow Specialized muscle cells called cardiac muscle (myocardium) Fibers are interconnected for greater force of contractions Pericardium – tough outer membrane that protects the heart

Chambers of the Heart Upper chambers are the atria (atrium s.) They are the receiving chambers of the heart Right atria recieves blood from the body Left atria receives blood from the lungs Lower chambers are the ventricles They are the pumping chambers of the heart Right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs Left ventricle pumps blood out to the body

Chambers of the Heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle

Septum of the Heart wall separating the right and left side of the heart does not allow oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood to mix Septum

Valves of the Heart A – V valves (atrioventricular valves) right side - tricuspid valve left side - bicuspid valve semilunar valves located at the start of the aorta located at the start of the pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary valve (semi-lunar) Valves of the Heart LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART Aortic valve (semi-lunar) Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve (A-V valve) Pulmonary valve (semi-lunar) Tricuspid Valve (A-V valve)

Complete the diagram on page 18 of your packet

1. Aorta 15. Superior vena cava 2. Left pulmonary arteries 14. Right pulmonary arteries 3. Left atrium 4. Left pulmonary veins 13. Right pulmonary veins 5. Bicuspid valve 12. Right atrium 6. semi-lunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) 11. Tricuspid valve 7. Left ventricle 8. Septum 10. Inferior vena cava 9. Right ventricle

Circulation Through the Heart

Circulation Through the Heart http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html Click on “Contraction”

Disorders of the Circulatory System Angina pectoris – temporary pain in the chest; warning of a heart attack Cardiac Arrest – heart attack; caused by blocked coronary arteries Arteriosclerosis – “hardening of the arteries”; deposits of cholesterol and fat on the artery walls Hypertension – high blood pressure (normal blood pressure it 120/80)

Angina pectoris temporary pain in the chest; warning of a heart attack

Cardiac Arrest heart attack; caused by blocked coronary arteries

Arteriosclerosis “hardening of the arteries”; deposits of cholesterol and fat on the artery walls

Hypertension high blood pressure

THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE

THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE Diastole = period of relaxation A-V valves open and allow blood to fill the ventricles from the atria Systole = period of contraction Atria contract and blood completely fills the ventricles Ventricles contract A-V valves close as atria relax Semilunar valves open as blood pushes out Right ventricle empties into pulmonary arteries Left ventricle empties into the aorta

THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE

THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE

Heartbeat Heart beats about 100,000 times/day and moves about 10,000 liters of blood daily

Heart Sounds Lub-dup Lub = closing of the A-V valves Dup = closing of the semilunar valves

Heart Murmur Leak in the valve called a heart murmur “ lub-shhh”

Control of the Heartbeat The sinoatrial node (S-A node) in the right atrium starts the atrium contracting This stimulates the atrioventricle node (A-V node) to start the ventricles contracting

Control of the Heartbeat http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html Click on “Electrical System”

Control of the Heartbeat This is an electrical impulse It can be recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG)

Control of the Heartbeat The heart rate is regulated by: Vagus nerve = slows the rate Cardioaccelerator nerves = speed up the rate

The heart rate can be regulated by an artificial implant called a pacemaker

Blood Pressure and Flow of Blood The elasticity of the arteries expand with the contraction of the ventricles and the arteries relax as the ventricles relax This causes the pulse that can be felt in the arteries

Measuring Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured from an artery in the upper arm Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Mercury (systole/diastole)

Pathways of Human Circulation

Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation – between the heart and lungs Starts in the right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries (oxygen poor blood) - lungs - pulmonary veins (oxygen-rich blood) - left atrium - left ventricle - body

Systemic circulation The circulation in all the other parts of the body Begins in left ventricle (thickest walled chamber) Aorta – body - returns to inferior or superior vena cava

Divisions of the Systemic Circulation

Coronary Circulation left and right coronary arteries branches of the aorta coronary veins empty directly into the heart (mostly the right atrium) coronary artery blocked – heart attack surgeons detour around the blocked arteries with by-pass surgery

Coronary Circulation

Hepatic-Portal Circulation Two sets of capillaries To the digestive system – capillaries dump into portal vein and go to the liver and into the hepatic sinuses Into the hepatic veins – into the inferior vena cava

Hepatic-Portal Circulation

Renal circulation To and from the kidneys