-understanding of and depending on nature had been way of life and survivorship -expert on surrounding environment -indigenous knowledge on food sources.

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Presentation transcript:

-understanding of and depending on nature had been way of life and survivorship -expert on surrounding environment -indigenous knowledge on food sources and basic needs from nature

-living in a small family group with the common objective  to find subsistence -move to new place when food and basic needs became scarce -using simple tools and built simple shelters -depending on 3 energy sources: solar,somatic, and extra-somatic energy

-classification of functional roles by sex -female  (gatherer) -male  (hunter) -both were equal importance to survivorship -therefore, male and female were equal

-understanding of natural carrying capacity -population control measure depending on group culture -low population growth -average life longevity 30 years -significant developments: extra-somatic energy, tools, social organization

Environmental impacts biodiversity changes by fire -ecosystem changes -species changes -extinction of large animals -limited space and time scales of impacts -low population -no permanent settlement -simple tools

2. Human against nature 2.1 Agricultural society Traditional agriculture -started 10,000-12,000 years believed to be in the tropics Where in the tropics? -learnt cultivation and domestication

-changed from normadic to permanent settlement -may caused from climatic changes -"slash and burn or shifting cultivation" may be the very first agroecosystem! Why? -limited scale of impacts -human labor -simple tools -low population

2.1.2 Modern agriculture - started 7,000 years - significant developments - ploughing tool (wood to metal) - animal labor - irrigation systems

Consequences -increasing energy consumption per capita -increasing population -conversion natural ecosystems to anthropogenic ecosystems -abandoned normadic life = accumulation of physical properties -produced food more than basic need

Food consumption and CO 2 emission per capita

- specialization in the societies - urbanization - social conflicts from the necessary resources - fertile land - water - social conflict leaded to male dominated society - physical characteristics - natural organisms became human enemies

Environmental impacts increased population increased agricultural land decreased natural land decreased biodiversity

Mal-practices of agriculture leaded to soil erosion salinization over-grazing degradation of natural resources demolition of some civilizations

The most important impact of all: "changed fundamental relationship between human and environment" from human in nature to human against nature causing environmental ethic to “antropocentrism"

2.2 Industrial society Early industrial society -started in England in 1757 then to "the new world" -the major cause was "resources substitution" especially energy -new industrial inventions