Swaziland NAI Country Status Report presented at the N.A.I. Workshop Pretoria South Africa 7-9 March 2006 Dr. P.M. Dlamini (Epidemiologist-Department of Livestock and Veterinary Services) Dr. R.S. Nxumalo (Senior Veterinary Officer-Department of Livestock and Veterinary Services Dr. C. Mabuza (Director of Medical Services-Ministry of Health and Social Welfare)

1. RISK OF INTRODUCTION OF AI A. MIGRATORY BIRDS A.1.Palaeartic migratory birds Most common intercontinental migratory species are: Most common intercontinental migratory species are: -European Swallow (Hirundo rustica) -Common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucus) -Steppe Buzzard (Buteo buteo) -Redback Shrike (Lanius collurio) -Willow Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) Start arriving Oct/Nov and leave by April Start arriving Oct/Nov and leave by April Do not breed in Swaziland Do not breed in Swaziland Do not involve high risk carriers of AI Do not involve high risk carriers of AI

A.2. Intra regional migratory birds Considered to be in low densities in Swaziland Considered to be in low densities in Swaziland Most common is Great spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and a few other cuckoo species Most common is Great spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and a few other cuckoo species Do breed in Swaziland Do breed in Swaziland A.3. Waterfowls in Swaziland Movement not considered migratory but more nomadic Movement not considered migratory but more nomadic Movement considered to be within Southern African region (little information avail?) Movement considered to be within Southern African region (little information avail?) No regular pattern of movement No regular pattern of movement RISK OF INTRODUCTION OF AI (cont.)

B. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS B.1 Backyard poultry >70% domestic poultry are backyard indigenous breeds >70% domestic poultry are backyard indigenous breeds Mostly chickens;very few ducks, turkeys and guinea fowl Mostly chickens;very few ducks, turkeys and guinea fowl Predominant in communal homes, but also suburban Predominant in communal homes, but also suburban Mostly outside more esp. in winter (post harvest period) Mostly outside more esp. in winter (post harvest period) B.2. Commercial poultry May comprise 20% of poultry being layers & broilers May comprise 20% of poultry being layers & broilers All housed but in different biosecurity levels (V.few high, mostly moderate esp. smallholder commercial units) All housed but in different biosecurity levels (V.few high, mostly moderate esp. smallholder commercial units)

RISK OF INTRODUCTION OF AI (cont.) C. Trade in poultry C.1. Formal trade large commercial units mostly and smallholder commercial units large commercial units mostly and smallholder commercial units Through 1 large export abattoir (contract growers) and about four small abattoirs for smallholder commercial units Through 1 large export abattoir (contract growers) and about four small abattoirs for smallholder commercial units C.2. Informal trade In markets, road side and on farms In markets, road side and on farms Significant for the occassional commercial rearer and a lot of small holder commercial farmers Significant for the occassional commercial rearer and a lot of small holder commercial farmers Market broilers mostly, but also indigenous backyard poultry Market broilers mostly, but also indigenous backyard poultry

2. CAPACITY A. Human Resource A. Human Resource CategoryNo. Vets in Central administartion 3 Public Vets 12 Public Vets in diagnostics 1 Private sector Vets 8 Lab. technicians 4 Paraveterinarians

2. CAPACITY (cont.) B. Diagnostics Only 1 vet diagnostics lab. (CVL), 1 Central Public Health Lab. and 6 hospital labs Only 1 vet diagnostics lab. (CVL), 1 Central Public Health Lab. and 6 hospital labs CVLHuman Serology Capacity exist but currently limitations Capacity exist Virus isolation No Capacity

C. Infrastructure Lab. infrastructure limits live virus tests Lab. infrastructure limits live virus tests Lab relatively equipped for serological tests Lab relatively equipped for serological tests Lab. consumable accessibility severely affected by Lab. consumable accessibility severely affected by resource limitations resource limitations Communication facilities exist in general, but insufficient Communication facilities exist in general, but insufficient for effective internal networking for effective internal networking Public awareness resources limited, currently mobilising Public awareness resources limited, currently mobilising policy makers to support AI activities policy makers to support AI activities 2. CAPACITY (cont.)

3. PREPAREDNESS A. Preventive position Establishment of a cross sectoral AI committee Establishment of a cross sectoral AI committee Public awareness - spread info. in media about disease incl. preventive action, biosafety and public safety Public awareness - spread info. in media about disease incl. preventive action, biosafety and public safety Any cases of abnormal high mortality are investigated for AI as differential, particularly with NCD endemicity Any cases of abnormal high mortality are investigated for AI as differential, particularly with NCD endemicity Active lobbying of policy makers, and other authorities incl. local UN Agencies Active lobbying of policy makers, and other authorities incl. local UN Agencies Preparedness plan developed with planned programs Preparedness plan developed with planned programs However, various programs (incl. targeted surveillance) not yet effected - hindered by resource shortfalls.

PREPAREDNESS (cont.) B. Controlling of outbreak Avian Influenza In-terms of the contigency plan a stamping out policy will be adopted in an outbreak In-terms of the contigency plan a stamping out policy will be adopted in an outbreak Strict biosecurity measures will be enforced Strict biosecurity measures will be enforced Vaccination to be considered for modified stamping out Vaccination to be considered for modified stamping out Human Influenza Mobilise regional epidemic teams as per preparedness plan Mobilise regional epidemic teams as per preparedness plan 1 hospital per region to be designated regional referral 1 hospital per region to be designated regional referral Samples expeditiously sent to South Africa via central lab Samples expeditiously sent to South Africa via central lab