 Today – Ottoman Culture  HW – p Read “Power and Culture Under the Mughals” List any evidence of continuity, destruction, diffusion, syncretism

As global connections increased due to international migrations and empire building, cultures were affected in different ways. How did the Ottomans, Mughals, Chinese, Japanese, and American societies respond culturally to heterogeneity within and contact with foreign peoples?

 Culture- refers to the… cumulative deposit of knowledge and Experience Material objects and possessions beliefs, values, and attitudes Roles and hierarchies meanings, religion, notions of time, spatial relations, and concepts of the universe …acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.  It is NOT a static, unchanging phenomenon.  It is a porous, evolving, negotiated phenomenon and is perceived differently by in-group members and out-group members

 Cultural continuity – A society largely maintains the practiced culture that existed prior to contact  Cultural destruction – Elements or large portions of a culture are extinguished, either voluntarily or involuntarily  Cultural diffusion – when cultural traits are spread from one culture to the other  Cultural syncretism – combining (sometimes contradictory) traits or elements of 2 or more cultures; often resulting in the creation of something new

 Religious diversity Accommodated Sufis, Sunnis, Shias, and Ulama  Allowed minority autonomy Dhimmis – Armenian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Jews organized into… Millets – minority religious communities

1. Administrative Schools – to educate the civil and military bureaucracy Topkapi palace 2. Religious schools Young schools Madrasses  Graduates became Ulama, qadis, muftis, and teachers 3. Sufi Schools Tekkes  Foreign contributions Hungarian Ibrahim Muteferrika ( )  Including Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes

 Calligraphy – Anatolian/Arabic origin  Miniatures – Islamic books  Portraiture Italian painter Gentile Bellini  Tulip Era Sultans warriors 1700’s: tiles, fabrics, public buildings, festivals Mehmet I Suleiman

Mirror calligraphy 'Ali is the vicegerent (deputy) of God' Blue Turkish Tiles Signature of Mahmad II

Suleiman mosque Persian Seljuk Byzantine Ottoman

 Coffeehouses  Taverns (wine) Dance  Carpets – nomadic origin  Jewelry – Armenian, Jewish  Luxury goods: lemons, soap, pepper, metal tools

 Cultural continuity –. Sharia Little respect for European knowledge and culture  Cultural destruction Aurangzeb  Cultural diffusion Danishmand Khan Foreign scholars and artists in courtly life. Foreign foods European military technology Chinese products  Cultural syncretism Din-il-llahi Fatehpur Sikri (1571) Taj Mahal (1630)