The Transformation of the West

The Italian Renaissance 14 th /15 th Century artistic movement which challenged medieval intellectual values and styles Italian Renaissance writers stress secular subjects such as love and pride instead of purely religious themes. 14 th /15 th Century artistic movement which challenged medieval intellectual values and styles Italian Renaissance writers stress secular subjects such as love and pride instead of purely religious themes.

Renaissance Art (more refined and focused on human form)

Renaissance Art

The Italian Renaissance Painting: –Realism, classical, and human centered themes Religion is still a major topic of most art, but with more emphasis on worldly forms. Machiavelli: Political discourse on effective rule (The Prince) Humanism: focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic life Painting: –Realism, classical, and human centered themes Religion is still a major topic of most art, but with more emphasis on worldly forms. Machiavelli: Political discourse on effective rule (The Prince) Humanism: focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic life

The Northern Renaissance Centered in France, England, and Flanders (Belgium and Netherlands areas). –A more religious renaissance than the Italian. Blended secular interests with Christian devotion 15 th and 16 th centuries. Centered in France, England, and Flanders (Belgium and Netherlands areas). –A more religious renaissance than the Italian. Blended secular interests with Christian devotion 15 th and 16 th centuries.

The Northern Renaissance England: Shakespeare (Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, etc.) Spain: Cervantes (Don Quixote) France: King Francis I becomes a patron of the arts. England: Shakespeare (Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, etc.) Spain: Cervantes (Don Quixote) France: King Francis I becomes a patron of the arts.

Renaissance technology Though several pieces of technology continued to enter Europe, the most significant and impactful was the printing press, introduced in 1440 (#1). Based off of Chinese moveable type printing, the printing press (invented by a German silversmith named Johannes Gutenberg) had major impacts in Europe. Though several pieces of technology continued to enter Europe, the most significant and impactful was the printing press, introduced in 1440 (#1). Based off of Chinese moveable type printing, the printing press (invented by a German silversmith named Johannes Gutenberg) had major impacts in Europe.

Impacts of printing press (#1) 1) Books were FAR easier to print and availability increased (500x faster!). 2) As a result, books became cheaper and easier to obtain. 3) Literacy, therefore, increased rapidly throughout the continent 4) Armed with knowledge, people began to challenge old ways of thinking, especially toward religion and the church. 1) Books were FAR easier to print and availability increased (500x faster!). 2) As a result, books became cheaper and easier to obtain. 3) Literacy, therefore, increased rapidly throughout the continent 4) Armed with knowledge, people began to challenge old ways of thinking, especially toward religion and the church.

The Protestant Reformation (#2) One of the individuals questioning the church was its own monk, Martin Luther. He was concerned with the practice of selling indulgences, which granted salvation through their purchase. At least that is what the Catholic Church was teaching! 1517: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenburg, Germany. This revolutionary document kick started the Reformation by pointing out abuses and corruption in the church. One of the individuals questioning the church was its own monk, Martin Luther. He was concerned with the practice of selling indulgences, which granted salvation through their purchase. At least that is what the Catholic Church was teaching! 1517: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenburg, Germany. This revolutionary document kick started the Reformation by pointing out abuses and corruption in the church.

The effects of the Protestant Reformation (#2) The reformation also sought to break away from papal control and establish state control of the church. Many European kings saw this as advantageous because they could strengthen their power by claiming to be head of religious affairs without papal control. Many Protestant branches began to form (Anglicans in England, Lutherans in Germany and Sweden, Presbyterians in Scotland, Calvinists in France and Switzerland) The reformation also sought to break away from papal control and establish state control of the church. Many European kings saw this as advantageous because they could strengthen their power by claiming to be head of religious affairs without papal control. Many Protestant branches began to form (Anglicans in England, Lutherans in Germany and Sweden, Presbyterians in Scotland, Calvinists in France and Switzerland)

The Protestant Reformation Henry VIII sets up the Anglican church(England). Calvinism: The idea of Predestination, eventually makes its way to the New World. Catholic Reformation is launched to counter Luther’s attacks (#3) Henry VIII sets up the Anglican church(England). Calvinism: The idea of Predestination, eventually makes its way to the New World. Catholic Reformation is launched to counter Luther’s attacks (#3)

The Religious Wars (#4) Catholic and Protestant tensions erupted into widespread violence throughout Europe over the next century. Thirty Years’ War: , German Protestants and their allies against Catholic Holy Roman Emperor supported by the Catholic Church and Spain. –1648: Treaty of Westphalia grants territorial tolerance. Established the Westphalian system. Catholic and Protestant tensions erupted into widespread violence throughout Europe over the next century. Thirty Years’ War: , German Protestants and their allies against Catholic Holy Roman Emperor supported by the Catholic Church and Spain. –1648: Treaty of Westphalia grants territorial tolerance. Established the Westphalian system.

Effect on Women’s role (#5) Read on p. 374

The Commercial Revolution (#6 and #7) Colonial Markets stimulate manufacturing Proletariat: Growing class of people without access to wealth producing property –Manufacturers and Laborers Throughout the 1600’s popular protests were waged to help gain political rights for peasants Colonial Markets stimulate manufacturing Proletariat: Growing class of people without access to wealth producing property –Manufacturers and Laborers Throughout the 1600’s popular protests were waged to help gain political rights for peasants

The Scientific Revolution (#8) Copernicus figures out that the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory), more than likely by studying Muslim astronomical transcripts! Galileo publishes Copernicus’ works, and adds laws of gravity etc. Kepler establishes that planets moved in elliptical patterns around the sun. Newton established the principles of universal gravitation and how it effects the laws of motion. Copernicus figures out that the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory), more than likely by studying Muslim astronomical transcripts! Galileo publishes Copernicus’ works, and adds laws of gravity etc. Kepler establishes that planets moved in elliptical patterns around the sun. Newton established the principles of universal gravitation and how it effects the laws of motion.

Absolutism and Parliamentary Monarchies The Feudal Monarchy becomes undone in the late 17 th Century French kings slowly built up power throughout the 17 th Century, crushing nobles power… The Feudal Monarchy becomes undone in the late 17 th Century French kings slowly built up power throughout the 17 th Century, crushing nobles power…

France and Louis XIV (#9) Read on p. 379 Louis XIV –Absolute Monarch –“I am the State” –Patron of the Arts –Palace at Versailles –Tariffs were set high and colonies were sought for raw materials and markets Read on p. 379 Louis XIV –Absolute Monarch –“I am the State” –Patron of the Arts –Palace at Versailles –Tariffs were set high and colonies were sought for raw materials and markets

Britain (the different one) and the Netherlands (#10) Emphasized role of central state, but encouraged parliamentary regimes where king shares power with representatives Because they still had a monarch and parliament, they are referred to as parliamentary monarchies. Emphasized role of central state, but encouraged parliamentary regimes where king shares power with representatives Because they still had a monarch and parliament, they are referred to as parliamentary monarchies.

Growing Political Ideologies (#11) John Locke (and others) –Power to rule comes from the people (not from a divine right) –Kings should be restrained to that which operates only towards the public interest –Rights to freedom, property –Revolution could be justified to oppose unjust rule –Life, liberty, and property John Locke (and others) –Power to rule comes from the people (not from a divine right) –Kings should be restrained to that which operates only towards the public interest –Rights to freedom, property –Revolution could be justified to oppose unjust rule –Life, liberty, and property

Absolute Monarchies and Parliamentary Monarchies Nation-States rule people who share a common culture, and language (unlike former Empires made up of dozens of languages and ethnic groups). This is seen as a way to unite the people toward a common goal or cause, but also isolates those of difference. Nation-States rule people who share a common culture, and language (unlike former Empires made up of dozens of languages and ethnic groups). This is seen as a way to unite the people toward a common goal or cause, but also isolates those of difference.

The Enlightenment (#12) Period from the mid-1600s throughout the 1800s. Enlightenment thinkers sought to improve human society and behavior toward one another. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution and how it brought greater understanding of the universe. Seek to apply that rational approach to human interaction. Freedom of speech, religion, press. Abolishment of torture and political representation. Period from the mid-1600s throughout the 1800s. Enlightenment thinkers sought to improve human society and behavior toward one another. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution and how it brought greater understanding of the universe. Seek to apply that rational approach to human interaction. Freedom of speech, religion, press. Abolishment of torture and political representation.

Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations (#13) Scottish economist who argued that people act according to their self-interest but, through competition, promote general economic advance. Government should avoid regulation of the market system, therefore creating a free-market (laissez-faire). According to Smith, each individual strives to maximize his economic gains by the free exchange of goods helps to advance the public interest by creating divisions of labor. It is, as Smith wrote, as if the market was being guided by an “invisible hand”. This economic policy is known as capitalism Scottish economist who argued that people act according to their self-interest but, through competition, promote general economic advance. Government should avoid regulation of the market system, therefore creating a free-market (laissez-faire). According to Smith, each individual strives to maximize his economic gains by the free exchange of goods helps to advance the public interest by creating divisions of labor. It is, as Smith wrote, as if the market was being guided by an “invisible hand”. This economic policy is known as capitalism

Impact of Scientific Rev. and Enlightenment on Religion (#14) Read on p. 384 and p. 377

Manufacturing growth (#15) Overall, commerce spread much more amongst the general population as commoners now began to purchase processed products. There was a huge spread of domestic manufacturing as people began to produce products such as textile and metal goods in their homes to try and supplement their income. Domestic manufacturing inevitably encouraged technological innovations to improve efficiency. We begin to see simple machinery created that can increase production and do the work of multiple people in a fraction of the time. Overall, commerce spread much more amongst the general population as commoners now began to purchase processed products. There was a huge spread of domestic manufacturing as people began to produce products such as textile and metal goods in their homes to try and supplement their income. Domestic manufacturing inevitably encouraged technological innovations to improve efficiency. We begin to see simple machinery created that can increase production and do the work of multiple people in a fraction of the time.