Historicalmindness Sensitivity to time and place –how different from our own Awareness of the basic continuities –patterns over time Ability to note significant changes Sensitivity to multiple causation Awareness that all written history is a reconstruction

Stages of Historical Thinking Stage I – history as a set of facts Stage II – history as causal sequence Stage III – history as complexity Stage IV – history as interpretation

Amer-Indian World Pre 1491

Essential Questions How did the world of the AmerIndians and of the Europeans both change after the encounter between groups? What factors contribute to impetus for exploration and colonization? How do Spanish, French and English colonies compare/contrast? How does each European culture interact with Native peoples? What are defining institutions and events? Why can the Americas be referred to as multiracial and multicultural?

Characteristics Diverse Large populations – 70-100 million Agricultural Revolution = key to growth Empires- Central and South America Aztecs Paralleled European development Technologically advanced Ruled by nobles and priests

SW Maize and Bean Fields

Cultural Characteristics Worldview No division between sacred than secular Land/environment – not owned – stewardship Identity = tribe, clan – the collective Greater role for women Leadership – often chosen; needed to be able to influence Warfare – honor, territory, captives

Context for Exploration and Colonization Economic Trade – crusades – far East Middle class investment Revival of banking and credit Inflation – price revolution Enclosure movement Search for opportunity Independence for the conquistadores

Social Demographics – population pressure Renaissance Revival of classical learning; efficacy Reformation – challenges to authority Luther – salvation open to all Calvin – predestination –the Elect Activism English Reformation – Henry VIII

Political Rise of the nation state- nationalism Competition – trade, power, military, religion

Technological Prince Henry the Navigator Maps and charts Compass and astrolabe Caravel Printing press Zheng He

Zheng He -China

Encounters 1492 Shifting goals: trade routes –- mineral wealth ---land Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

Columbus landing

Columbian Exchange

Cortes and the Aztecs

De Soto on the Mississippi

Spanish Empire

New Spain Daring achievements – Greed – Brutality Cortes – Aztecs Pizarro – Incas Conquistadores – sought autonomy and wealth –but Crown controlled Spain rules but does not really colonize 250,000---450,000 Men – conquistadores, priests, military, bureaucrats Sexual imbalance – intermarriage -mestizos

Key Institutions Encomienda – land and labor grants Repartimento – mining and labor grants Presidio – military forts Mission – Christianity “God, Gold and Glory”

Spanish Mission

De las Casas – protests treatment Virgin of Guadalupe – adaptation Pueblo Revolt – Pope Multiracial beginning Death to native peoples – thus labor needs Africa – 6 of 7 immigrants to New World

Pueblo Revolt

Initial English Ventures Gilbert, Frobisher, Ralegh – Parallels conquistadores’ desires – wealth, autonomy Ireland – practice Right to “explore, occupy, govern” Early failures Hakluyt - propagandist

Mercantilism Characteristics Favorable balance of trade (BOT) Accumulation of specie – gold and silver Self sufficiency Goals POWER – for mother country Navigation Acts – control shipping and trade

Colonial Comparisons Spain France England Royal, extractive, male – sexual imbalance France Coureurs de Bois/Comptoir England Royal, proprietary, charter Transplantations - families

New France

Coureurs de Bois The Short Portage

Characteristics of English Colonies Commercial ventures – profit Transplantations Emerging cultures Colonial – diverse and imitative Multiracial and multicultural Takaki - Caliban

English Colonization