CHAPTER 2 Maps help us make sense of the world All maps depict information graphically Maps show information from our round earth on a flat surface Source: http://images.google.com/images?q=maps&hl=en

Mapping Early Geographers were concerned with the study of space Mapping is also called cartography Represents space Shows were you have been Shows how to find one’s way back Necessary to lay claim to a place Increases knowledge of the world All maps depict information graphically Maps help us make sense of the world http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=old+map

MAP REQUIREMENTS (Information required on maps) Title Direction (north arrow or a line of longitude) Scale Legend Author/Creator Date of Creation Border Sources of information

How to put Labels/Names on Maps Human made (cities, towns) – names written horizontally Natural – names follow contours of rivers, lakes, bays, and mountains Fringing around water Sources of Information (should be included on map)

Types of Maps Different forms of maps are used for different purposes Thematic Maps -show one type or information Multipurpose Maps- show a lot of information Topographic Maps – show the relief of the land (height). They also show a lot of other information.

What type of map is this? Discuss the different types of boundaries that can be seen, natural and artificial boundaries. Why are some borders so straight? Such as that of Canada and the USA? Discuss how maps can be misleading, when studying culture and political affiliation, as with Africa. Some are a remaining legacy of colonial rule. Source: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=maps A Political World Map Used to show political boundaries THEMATIC MAP – FOCUSES ON ONE TYPE OF INFORMATION OR THEME

What type of map is this? Usually use contour lines to show elevation The contour interval is the distance between the lines and is found in the legend The distance is always measured from sea-level Sea-level = 0 Topographical maps use contour lines to illustrate surface relief. Using information contained in the National Topographic Data Base, the Centre for Topographic Information in Ottawa produces topographic maps at scales of 1/50 000 and 1/250 000. In addition, the Centre is the custodian of the federal aerial photography archives and offers aerial photography reproduction and distribution services. The Centre also supports the activities of the Geographical Names Board of Canada through the provision of a Secretariat. Source: National Resources Canada (2005) Retrieved on: Jan. 15-05 From: http://www.geolab.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/northpole_e.shtml A Topographical Map This type of map shows relief or elevation Who would use this type of a map?

Topographical maps often use color to show elevation

Contour Lines Activity Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan. 5-05 From: http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm What is the elevation of A,B,C,D & E assume that all heights are in meters A=0m B=10m C=15m D=25m E=8m

Index Contour Lines Unlike the simple topographic map used above, real topographic maps have many contour lines.  It is not possible to label the elevation of each contour line.  To make the map easier to read every fifth contour line vertically is an index contour.  Index contours are shown by darker brown lines on the map.  These are the contour lines that are usually labelled.   

Index Contour Lines The example above is a section of a topographic map The thick brown lines are the contour lines, the thin lines are the normal contours, the thick brown lines are the index contours.  Notice that elevations are only marked on the thick lines. We cross five lines as we go from the 700 line to the 800 line (note we don't include the line we start on but we do include the line we finish on).  Therefore is we divide the elevation difference (100) by the number of lines (5) we will get the contour interval.  In this case it is 20. Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan. 5-05 From: http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

Index Contour Lines Activity What is the elevation of A,B,C & D Assume all elevations are in meters A=700m B=740m C=770m D=820m Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan. 5-05 From: http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

Bench mark Bench marks are permanently affixed objects at various locations all over the Canada and other countries to enable land surveying, civil engineering and mapping to be done efficiently. These objects are usually metal disks, but can be any other object that serves as a control point. Some people engage in geocaching which involves trying to find these markers. This is also called bench mark hunting Removal or tampering with bench marks is illegal.

These are examples of bench marks Notice the elevation stamp Source: http://images.google.com/images?q=US+GEological+survey+%2B+benchmark&hl=en&lr= These are examples of bench marks Notice the elevation stamp Notice the $250 fine or imprisonment warning

What type of map is this? Road Map Source: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=maps Road Map Used for showing driving directions, distances and urban centers Indicates the different routes available and their size MULITPURPOSE MAP – SHOWS A LOT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OFINFORMATION

Distance Chart Often found on road maps for quick reference Source: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=distance+chart Often found on road maps for quick reference

Distance Chart What is the distance from Cedar Road to Haven Road? Source: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=distance+chart What is the distance from Cedar Road to Haven Road? Answer: 0.9 miles

What type of map is this? - We see these every night on the evening news. Weather map used for passing on valuable everyday information THEMATIC MAP – FOCUSES ON ONE TYPE OF INFORMATION OR THEME

Thematic Map (One Theme)

Internet Mapping Source: Retrieved On Jan 18-05 From: http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/500000/images/_503611_web300.jpg

MAP SCALES Large scale maps: show a large amount of detail in a small area (1:250.000 or less)

Small scale maps 1:250,000 or greater 1:20,000,000

Large Scale Maps Small Scale Maps 1:250, 000 !:100,000 1:50,000 1,1000 1.250,000 1:500.000 1:1,000,000 1:20,000,000 Think of the ratios as fractions to help understand scale 1:50,000 1:1,000,000 =1/50,000 =1/1,000,000 Smaller fraction that the fraction above

Other Map Types Mind mapping: the technique of arranging ideas and their interconnections visually. Is a popular brainstorming technique Go through a mind mapping exercise with students on blackboard. Have one student name the topic and go from there.

Brain Map Source: Retrieved on Jan 16-05 From: egypt.spd.louisville.edu/ mi/BrainMap

Source: http://www. essentialschools

Family Tree Source: http://images.google.com/images?q=familly+tree&hl=en&lr=&start=20&sa=N

Classwork/Homework Homework: page 29 Questions 1 to 8 (except 6a)