ROMANTICISM: The Artistic Expression of Liberalism.

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ROMANTICISM: The Artistic Expression of Liberalism

The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850) Reaction against much Enlightenment thought Writers opposed narrow scientific viewpoint of Philosophes Not everything is RATIONAL Feelings & imaginations are OK Religion is basic to human nature Faith is a means to knowledge

The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850) Early support of the French Revolution. Rise of the individual  alienation. Dehumanization of industrialization. Radical poetics / politics  an obsession with violent change.

A Growing Distrust of Reason Early 19c Enlightenment Romanticism Society is good, curbing violent impulses! Civilization corrupts! The human experience is subjective and emotional. Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to nature “Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness  the community is more important.

The Romantic Movement Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. Mostly in Britain and Germany. A reaction against classicism. The “Romantic Hero:” Tremendously popular among the European reading public. Youth imitated his rebelliousness.

Characteristics of Romanticism The Engaged & Enraged Artist: The artist a part from society. The artist as social critic/revolutionary. The artist as genius.

Characteristics of Romanticism The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless potential. Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers.

Characteristics of Romanticism Glorification of Nature: Peaceful, restorative qualities [an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates]. Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature. Indifferent to the fate of humans. Overwhelming power of nature.

Characteristics of Romanticism Revival of Past Styles: Gothic & Romanesque revival. “Neo-Gothic” architectural style. Medieval ruins were a favorite theme.

Study of History Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel New way of studying History Thesis – prominent idea Antithesis –conflicting ideas Synthesis – new thesis Then the process starts all over! All periods of history are important! All histories are important!

Characteristics of Romanticism The Supernatural: Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons. The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness. The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness. They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.

Characteristics of Romanticism Exoticism: The sexy “other.” A sense of escape from reality. A psychological/moral justification of imperialism?

Creation of Methodism in England in mid 18th century. In England, by John Wesley Revolted against Deism Emphasized the role of enthusiastic, emotional expressions part of the Christianity Gods grace is universal and holy living is personal and social

Great Age of the Novel Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847) Grimm’s Fairy Tales Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844) Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)

The Romantic Poets Percy Byssche Shelley Lord Byron (George Gordon) Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Wordsworth John Keats William Blake

The Political Implications Romanticism could reinforce the greatest themes of political liberalism or political conservatism. Contributed to growing nationalist movements. The uniqueness of cultures was emphasized.