Chapter Nine Notes Section Two

I. Manifest Destiny A. Frontier lures settlers 1. Starting in 1840's expansion gripped nation 2. John Sullivan - editor of the United States Magazine & Democratic Review - described the annexation of Texas in 1845

- "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions" 3. American's adopted the "manifest destiny" that it was our right to expand into West. Obvious or inevitable

II. Settlers & Native Americans

A. The Black Hawk war 1. In early 1830 settlers in Western Illinois & Eastern Iowa came into conflict with Native Americans 2. Representatives from several tribes visited chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe 3. Based on a vision, Black Hawk led a rebellion in Illinois & Wisconsin 4. Ended in June 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered 200 Sauk & Fox 5. Sauk & Fox were pushed West

6. The "middle ground" continued to shift west

B. Fort Laramie Treaty 1. Was a response to Native American attacks on settlers 2. Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow & others 3. Gave Native Americans control of central plains 4. In return they agreed not to attack settlers 5. Allow construction of forts & roads 6. Government violated treaty 7. Reservations

III. Trails West A. The Santa Fe Trail miles 2. From Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico 3. Traveled together in middle

B. The Oregon trail 1. Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon 2. By ,000 had arrived 3. Started in 1836

C. Mormon migration

1. Mormonism - New York, Joseph Smith - Message on golden plates, in hillside - Placed America at center of Christian world - Originally in Fayette, New York - Fled persecution to Commerce, Illinois - Renamed Nauvoo in Community disapproved of Smith as a prophet & polygamy - Smith arrested for destruction of printing press - Mob murdered him from jail

- Brigham Young takes over - urged move West - settled near Great Salt Lake

B. Territorial Disputes 1. Disputes with other nations 2. Webster- Ashbourn Treaty of 1842 settled border with Canada except for Oregon 3. President James K. Polk 4. "Fifty-four forty or fight" 5. Decline of fur trade caused Britain to lose interest 6. In 1846 border established

Section Three

I. Expansion in Texas A. Bad relationship between Mexicans & Native Americans - prevented much immigration to Texas B. After Mexico became independent it attempts to increase trade with U.S. C. Weak ties between Mexico City & Texas

D. Mexico invites U.S. settlers 1. Goal to protect territory from Native Americans 2. Hoped to also increase flow of manufactured goods to Mexico 3. In 1821, 1823 & 1824 land grants offered to agents or empresarios 4. Land sold cheaply to Americans 5. Americans agreed to follow Mexican laws and religion 6. Stephen F. Austin set up largest colony - moral ideals 7. J.Q. Adams offers 1 million, Jackson 5 million 8. caused Mexico to question its hospitality

II. Texas' fight for independence A. Conflict 1. Language, slavery B. Mexico "closed" border in 1830 C. However by ,000 Mexicans, 30,000 Native Americans, 30,000 whites, 5,000 African Americans D. Mexican installments led to Rebellion

E. The Alamo 1. Austin jailed in Mexico City in When Austin returned he urged his followers to prepare for war 3. Santa Ana marched a 4,000 man army for San Antonio

4. Lieutenant Colonel William Travis ordered his men into the Alamo, an old mission 5. Jim Bowie & Davy Crockett among troops 6. From Feb 23- March 6, 1863 Santa Ana laid siege 7. Mexican troops finally breached & killed all 187 defenders 8. Estimated 1,500 Mexicans died 9. March 2, 1836 Texans declare Independence 10. Ratified Constitution & named David G. Burnet president

F. Lone Star Republic 1. Sam Houston & 900 men surprise Mexican army near San Jacinto River 2. Sam Houston elected president in July 1836 G. In 1838 Sam Houston asks U.S. to annex H. Slavery issue delays entrance I. Becomes state on December 29, 1845

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