Driving question: How do cows grow? What & How how to muscle in the leg become bigger? What does a cow need in order to grow? How a cow use them to grow?

Inputs and outputs in cow’s body Can you decode what happens inside cow’s body and how does cow grow?

Flow chart of tracing food inside the body (large organic molecules) Flow chart of tracing food inside the body Digestion system Digestion Circulatory system Small organic molecules Body tissues Biosynthesis Animal biomass (large organic molecules) Body Cellular Respiration Flow chart and slide do not show the difference Cells Circulatory system, lungs For animal growth H2O & CO2 For animal movement

Matter enter/leave plants/animals Materials in grass (materials entering cow) Materials entering grass minerals minerals Protein C02 Carbohydrates H20 H20 minerals minerals minerals C02 Protein Carbohydrates H20 H20 H20 Fat Materials leaving cow by breathing, urine and perspiration Cow’s feces Materials in cow

Digestion part Animal PPT: cow Share the frame by the end of weekend

How do cows digest food at macroscopic scale?

Matter movement for digestion at macroscopic scale Large scale scales scales Macroscopic Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze digestion at macroscopic scale Large scale scales scales Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Tracing Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for digestion at macroscopic scale Large scale Small Organic molecules grass scales scales Macroscopic Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic feces Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for digestion at macroscopic scale Large scale Heat Chemical energy scales scales Macroscopic Chemical energy Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Digestion at macroscopic scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Chemical energy Small Organic molecules grass scales scales Macroscopic Chemical energy Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic feces Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens for digestion at microscopic scale ? Zooming into three different system: digestion, blood, muscles

Matter movement for digestion at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze digestion at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic scales scales Materials in the grass: three part: end us sugar and glucose Just use name at microscopic scale Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for digestion at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for digestion at microscopic scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy scales scales Chemical energy Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Digestion at microscopic scale Chemical energy Heat Large scale Chemical energy Macroscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens for digestion at atomic-molecular scale ? Zooming into three different system: digestion, blood, muscles

Analyze digestion by filters at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Materials in the grass: three part: end us sugar and glucose Just use name at microscopic scale Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for digestion at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Starch & cellulose Sugar Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Protein amino acids Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze digestion by filters at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Click to see animation Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for digestion at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy Microscopic scales scales Chemical energy Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Digestion at atomic-molecular scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Chemical energy Macroscopic Starch & cellulose Sugar Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Protein amino acids Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Biosynthesis part Animal PPT: cow Share the frame by the end of weekend

What happens to cow’s biosynthesis at macroscopic scale?

Matter movement for biosynthesis at macroscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze biosynthesis by filters at macroscopic scale Large scale scales scales Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for biosynthesis at macroscopic scale Large scale Large organic molecules Small organic molecules Macroscopic Water Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for biosynthesis at macroscopic scale Large scale Heat Chemical energy Macroscopic Chemical energy Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Biosynthesis at macroscopic scale Large scale Heat Chemical energy Chemical energy Small organic molecules Large organic molecules Macroscopic Microscopic Water Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens of biosynthesis at microscopic scale ? Zooming into three different system: digestion, blood, muscles Mitochondria

Matter movement for biosynthesis at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze biosynthesis at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic scales scales Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for biosynthesis at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for biosynthesis at microscopic scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy Chemical energy Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Biosynthesis at microscopic scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Chemical energy Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens for biosynthesis at atomic-molecular scale ? Zooming into three different system: digestion, blood, muscles

Analyze biosynthesis at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Materials in the grass: three part: end us sugar and glucose Just use name at microscopic scale Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter movement for protein synthesis at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Click to see animation Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for biosynthesis at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Fat Macroscopic Sugar Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing amino acids Protein Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation for biosynthesis at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy Microscopic scales scales Chemical energy Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Biosynthesis at atomic-molecular scale Heat Chemical energy Large scale Chemical energy Fat Macroscopic Sugar Microscopic scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Protein amino acids Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

The end

Cellular respiration part

How does oxygen and food help a cow move?

Matter movement of cellular respiration at macroscopic scale Large scale scales scales Macroscopic Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze cellular respiration at macroscopic scale Large scale scales scales Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation for cellular respiration at macroscopic scale Large scale water Glucose scales scales Macroscopic carbon dioxide oxygen Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation of cellular respiration at macroscopic scale Large scale Heat Chemical energy Work scales scales Macroscopic (For animal to live) Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Cellular respiration at macroscopic scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Work (For animal to live) Glucose water scales scales Macroscopic oxygen Second product: 粪便，　 Mentioned that carbohydrates cannot change into fat, change protein in the grass into protein in the cow Add heat in each process Eating sugar make you fat Microscopic carbon dioxide Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens of cellular respiration at microscopic scale ? Zooming into three different system: digestion, blood, muscles Mitochondria

Matter movement of cellular respiration at microscopic scale Large scale Water Macroscopic Glucose Carbon dioxide scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Oxygen Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Analyze cellular respiration at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic scales scales Materials in the grass: three part: end us sugar and glucose Just use name at microscopic scale Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation of cellular respiration at microscopic scale Large scale Macroscopic water scales scales carbon dioxide Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Oxygen Microscopic Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation of cellular respiration at microscopic scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy scales scales Work Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic (For animal to live) Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Cellular respiration at microscopic scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Work Macroscopic (For animal to live) water scales scales Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Microscopic Oxygen carbon dioxide Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

What happens to oxygen and glucose at atomic-molecular scale? : C6H12O6 : O2

Analyze cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Materials in the grass: three part: end us sugar and glucose Just use name at microscopic scale Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter transformation of cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Large scale C6H12O6 H2O Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales O2 CO2 Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Matter movement of cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic scales scales Click to see animation Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Energy transformation of cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Large scale Heat Macroscopic Chemical energy Microscopic scales scales Work Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing (For animal to live) Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

Cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Work Macroscopic C6H12O6 (For animal to live) H2O Microscopic scales scales O2 Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing CO2 Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank

(optional) Metabolism of fat atomic-molecular scale Heat Large scale Chemical energy Work Macroscopic (For animal to live) Microscopic scales scales Fatty acid H2O Simplify the digestion process: zooming in part of intestine (food from digestion to the blood) Simplify : muscle in the leg growing O2 CO2 Atomic molecular Matter Object Process Material identity Matter Movement Carbohydrates Analyzing Digestion Biosynthesis Energy All Protein Cellular respiration Fat Energy transformation Blank