KINETIC THEORY Chapter Sixteen, Section One

KINETIC THEORY, THERMAL ENERGY, AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY A.Kinetic Theory- An expansion of how particles in matter behave. 1. All matter is composed of small particles. 2. These particles are in constant, random motion. 3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container. a. They loose a little energy, possibly a negative amount, in this process above. B. Thermal Energy - Total energy of material particle, including kinetic. 1. Higher temperature=more movement C. Average Kinetic Energy- How fast particles are moving.

SOLID STATE, LIQUID STATE, GAS STATE A. Solid State 1. Particles are closely packed together. 2. Geometrical arrangements. B.Liquid State 1. Melting Point- Temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy. 2. Heat of Fusion- the amount of energy required to change substances from a solid to a liquid at its melting point. C.Gas State 1. Particles are far apart. 2. Attractive forces between particles. 3. Does not have a definite volume. 4. Vaporization- Process of liquid turning into gas.

LIQUIDS FLOW 1. Liquids have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid. 2. Partially overcome the attractions to other particles. 3. Particles can slide past each other. 4. Gives liquids a definite volume.

BOILING POINT 1. The temperature at which the pressure of vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. a. Heat Fusion- The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.

GASES FILL THE CONTAINER 1. Diffusion- the spreading of particles throughout the given volume until they are uniformly disturbed.

HEATING CURVE OF LIQUID AND PLASMA A.Heating Curve of Liquid 1. Increase in temperature or heat equals an increase in kinetic energy. 2. Constant Temperature means melting taking place. B. Plasma- matter consisting of positively charged particles. 1. A lot of matter in universe, not on earth.

THERMAL EXPANSION A. Expansion of matter 1. Thermal Expansion- separation of particles which results in expansion of the entire object. a. sidewalks 2. Contraction- movement of particles closer together B. Expansions in liquids 1. It is used in thermometers. C. Expansions in Gases 1. It is used in hot air balloons

STRANGE BEHAVIOR OF WATER 1. Has “highly” positive and negative areas 2. Molecules line up with unlike charges attracted to each other 3. Empty spaces result in… a. larger areas of ice b. floats in water

SOLID OR LIQUID? A. Amorphous Solids 1. Greek (without form)- no crystals 2. Glass and plastic B. Liquid Crystals 1. Most solids lose crystal structure when turned to liquid 2. Liquid crystals don’t lose completely a. LCD- calculators