ROMAN LIFE AND CHRISTIANITY

I. ROMAN WORLD

A. SLAVES AND CAPTIVITY 1. WIDESPREAD & IMPORTANT TO ECONOMY 2. MOST BECAME SLAVES THROUGH CAPTURE 3. TREATMENT OF SLAVES a) BOUGHT & SOLD b) PUNISHED OR REWARDED c) SET FREE OR PUT TO DEATH

…SLAVES 4. JOBS a) FARMING b) CITY (ARTISANS) c) GLADIATORS

B. GODS AND GODDESSES 1. EVOLUTION a) WORSHIPPED NATURE SPIRITS OR FORCES b) GIVEN NAMES & BECAME HUMAN IN FORM c) GREEK GODS GIVEN ROMAN NAMES

2. GREEK TO ROMAN DEITIES a) ZEUS = JUPITER b) HERA = JUNO c) APOLLO = APOLLO d) ATHENA = MINERVA e) ARTEMIS = DIANA f) APHRODITE = VENUS

3. SYMBOLS AND IMAGES a) SURVIVE IN MODERN WESTERN CULTURE (1) SYMBOLS, METAPHORS, WORDS, IMAGES b) LITERATURE - AESOP’S FABLES

…SYMBOLS c) ARCHITECTURE - ARCH AND DOME d) ART = CLASSICAL STYLE (GREEK)

C. FAMILY 1. PATERFAMILIAS a) ELDEST MAN

b) PROPERTY & FAMILY (1 ) DISOWN NEWBORNS (2) BANISH FAMILY MEMBERS (3) SELL INTO SLAVERY

2. WOMEN’S ROLES a) RAN HOUSEHOLDS b) OWN PROPERTY c) TESTIFY IN COURT d) COULD NOT VOTE

3. CHILDREN AND EDUCATION a) BOYS (1) BECAME CITIZENS WITH RIGHT TO VOTE (2) RICH ATTENDED SCHOOLS (3) POOR WORKED / REMAINED ILLITERATE

…EDUCATION b) GIRLS (1) GIVEN FATHERS NAME (2) EDUCATED AT HOME (3) MARRIED AT TO OLDER MAN

D. SOCIETY & CULTURE 1. PATRICIANS a) LIVED EXTRAVAGANTLY b) SPENT ON HOMES, GARDENS, SLAVES, LUXURIES

2. PLEBEIANS a) GIVEN DAILY RATIONS OF GRAIN b) CROWDED WOODEN APARTMENTS (TENEMENTS) c) FIRE CONSTANT PROBLEM

3. CONTROLLING THE MASSES a) PROVIDED FREE GAMES, RACES, GLADIATORS b) USED TO DISTRACT FROM LIVING CONDITIONS c) 150 HOLIDAYS PER YEAR

4. COLISEUM a) HUGE ARENA SEATING 50,000 b) ANIMALS FOUGHT TO DEATH c) GLADIATOR CONTESTS (TRUE GLADIATORS DID NOT FIGHT TO DEATH)

II. ART / ARCHITECTURE A. PANTHEON 1. TEMPLE TO ALL DEITIES 2. CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE 3. USE OF ARCH AND DOME

PANTHEON

PANTHEON INTERIOR

COFFERED DOME OF PANTHEON

B. CIRCUS MAXIMUS 1. ARENA SEATING 150,000 FOR CHARIOT RACES 2. CHARIOT TEAMS HAD COLORS 3. FANS SUPPORTED FAVORITE TEAMS (NASCAR)

CIRCUS MAXIMUS

C. FORUM 1. ETRUSCAN DESIGN FOR CENTRAL AREA OF CITY 2. CENTER OF GOVERNMENT AND TRADE

III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A. TECHNOLOGY 1. ROADS a) 50,000 MILES b) USED TO CONTROL EMPIRE c) DEVELOPED INTO TRADE ROUTES

2. AQUEDUCTS a) INCORPORATED IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES & USE OF THE ARCH b) DELIVERED FRESH WATER TO OVER 1 MILLION PEOPLE

…AQUEDUCTS c) CARRIED WATER OVER 60 MILES d) SOME USED INTO LAST CENTURY

AQUEDUCT

3. ARCH a) INCORPORATED INTO BUILDINGS b) USED WITH DOME c) SPREAD INTO CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

B. SCIENCE 1. PTOLEMY a) CALCULATED THE MOVEMENT OF PLANETS b) PREDICTED THE POSITION OF PLANETS

2. MEDICINE a. EMPHASIZED PUBLIC HEALTH (1) PUBLIC BATHS (2) HOT WATER (3) TILE USE ETRUSCAN (4) CLEAN WATER SUPPLY

BATHS AT THE FORUM

…MEDICINE b) ESTABLISHED MEDICAL SCHOOLS

IV. LIFE & TEACHINGS OF JESUS A. ROMAN CONTROL 1.AROUND 63 B.C. 2. REMAINED INDEPENDENT AT BEGINNING

…CONTROL 3. JEWS ATTEMPTED REVOLT 4. JUDEA BECAME PROVINCE

…CONTROL 5. MESSIAH - SAVIOR WHO WOULD RESTORE KINGDOM

B. JESUS 1. BORN 6-4 B.C. 2. JEWISH AND ROMAN SUBJECT 3. BAPTIZED BY JOHN

…JESUS 4. MINISTRY (TEACHINGS) a) MONOTHEISM b) TEN COMMANDMENTS c) STRESSED LOVE FOR OTHERS d) ETERNAL LIFE

C. MOVEMENT a) INFORMATION ABOUT CHRIST FROM GOSPELS b) GOSPELS - 4 BOOKS OF NEW TESTAMENT c) WRITTEN BY DISCIPLES (PUPILS)

D. JESUS’ DEATH 1. ROME CONCERNED OVER CHRIST’S POPULARITY 2. ARRESTED & CONVICTED BY PONTIUS PILATE

…DEATH 3. CHRIST CRUCIFIED 4. ASCENDED TO HEAVEN

...CRUCIFIXION

5. PETER a) APOSTLE - TEACHER OF JESUS’ MESSAGE b) SPREAD TEACHINGS THROUGH SYRIA AND PALESTINE c) ESTABLISHED CHURCH IN ROME

V. CHRISTIANITY SPREADS A. PAUL’S MISSION 1. PAUL a) HEBREW OPPOSED TO CHRISTIANITY

…PAUL b) HAD VISION AND HEARD VOICE ON ROAD TO DAMASCUS c) BEGAN TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT EMPIRE

2. PAX ROMANA a) SAFE TRAVEL HELPED SPREAD CHRISTIANITY b) COMMON LANGUAGE ALLOWED UNDERSTANDING OF MESSAGE

3. PAUL'S TEACHINGS a) CHRIST SON OF GOD b) ANYONE COULD BE CHRISTIAN c) ALLOWED RELIGION TO GROW

B. JEWISH REBELLION 1. JEWS REBELLED 2. ROME DESTROYED JEWISH TEMPLE 3. WESTERN WALL LEFT STANDING (WAILING WALL)

…REBELLION 4. DIASPORA - JEWS WERE SPREAD THROUGHOUT EMPIRE CREATING SCATTERED JEWISH COMMINUTES

C. PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS 1. CHRISTIANS REFUSED TO WORSHIP ROMAN GODS (CONFLICTED WITH ROMAN POLYTHEISM)

…PERSECUTION 2. PERSECUTED BY NERO (SCAPEGOATS) FOR POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 3. PETER AND PAUL PUT TO DEATH IN ROME

…PERSECUTION 4. DECLINE OF PAX ROMANA (CHRISTIANS) a) IMPRISONED AND EXECUTED b) CRUCIFIED, BURNED, KILLED BY ANIMALS

…PERSECUTION c) MARTYRS - SACRIFICED LIVES FOR BELIEFS d) MISSIONARIES - PEOPLE WHO SPREAD RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS

CHRISTIANS AND THE LIONS

VI. WORLD RELIGION A. INTRODUCTION - APPEAL OF CHRISTIANITY 1. EMBRACED ALL PEOPLE 2. GAVE HOPE TO POWERLESS 3. LIFE AFTER DEATH

B. CONSTANTINE 1. ROMAN EMPEROR 2. MILVIAN BRIDGE a) SAW CROSS OF LIGHT b) PLACED CROSS ON SHIELDS

…MILVIAN BRIDGE c) GAVE CREDIT FOR VICTORY TO CHRISTIAN GOD

3. PERSECUTIONS a) ENDED PERSECUTIONS b) EDICT OF MILAN (1) PEOPLE FREE TO CHOOSE OWN RELIGION

…PERSECUTIONS c) THEODOSIUS (1) MADE CHRISTIANITY OFFICIAL RELIGION OF ROME\

C. CHRISTIAN CHURCH 1. STRUCTURE a) LOCAL LEVEL (PARISH) SMALL GROUP OF CHRISTIANS HEADED BY A PRIEST

…STRUCTURE b) SEVERAL LOCAL CHURCHES (DIOCESE) - HEADED BY A BISHOP c) PETER - FIRST BISHOP OF ROME

2. HEAD OF CHURCH a) ALL CITIES HAD A BISHOP b) POPE - FATHER OF CHURCH (ROMAN BISHOP) c) ROME BECAME CENTER OF CHURCH

D. A SINGLE VOICE 1. HERESY a) CONTRADICTING BASIC CHURCH TEACHINGS (DOCTRINE)

2. NEW TESTAMENT a) OFFICIAL STANDARD OF BELIEF b) BISHOPS FROM LEADING CITIES WHO SET CHURCH DOCTRINE

…TESTAMENT c) NICENE CREED (1) DEFINED BASIC BELIEFS OF CHRISTIANITY

E. FATHERS OF THE CHURCH 1. EARLY WRITERS & SCHOLARS WHO DEFINED CHURCH TEACHINGS 2. AUGUSTINE a) BISHOP OF HIPPO (N. AFRICA)

…FATHERS b) TEACHINGS / WRITINGS (1) NEEDED GRACE OF GOD TO BE SAVED (2) HAD TO BELONG TO CHURCH & RECEIVE SACRAMENTS