VISION 1) ________: the dimension of visual experience specified by color names 1) ________: the dimension of visual experience specified by color names The sun produces white light and, sometimes moisture in the air act like a prism (RAINBOW) The sun produces white light and, sometimes moisture in the air act like a prism (RAINBOW)

VISION 2) __________________: lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object 2) __________________: lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object The more light an object reflects, the brighter it appears The more light an object reflects, the brighter it appears Yellows appear brighter than reds and blues when their reflective qualities are identicalYellows appear brighter than reds and blues when their reflective qualities are identical

BRIGHTNESS ILLUSION

VISION 3) SATURATION: the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light 3) SATURATION: the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light AKA ________________ The more saturated, the more PURE WHITE light = NO SATURATION

I SEE YOU! – PARTS OF THE EYE

Functions of the Eye CORNEA –Protects the eye CORNEA –Protects the eye LENS - Focuses light from objects that are close by or far away LENS - Focuses light from objects that are close by or far away IRIS - Gives your eyes IRIS - Gives your eyes their color their color PUPIL - Dilates and PUPIL - Dilates and contracts to control levels of light contracts to control levels of light

RETINA The ______________ The ______________ Contains visual receptorsContains visual receptors Acts as a movie screenActs as a movie screen The retina is actually not part of the eye but an extension of the brain The retina is actually not part of the eye but an extension of the brain EXAMPLE: Images projected on the retina are upside down, but the brain views them as right side upEXAMPLE: Images projected on the retina are upside down, but the brain views them as right side up

Retinal Receptors There are 2 kinds of visual receptors located in your retina There are 2 kinds of visual receptors located in your retina 1) __________: Allow us to see color 1) __________: Allow us to see color THINK: CONES = COLORTHINK: CONES = COLOR 2) __________:Allow us to see at night and to use peripheral vision but are NOT sensitive to color 2) __________:Allow us to see at night and to use peripheral vision but are NOT sensitive to color

Rods vs. Cones RODSCONES How many? million 7-8 million Where most concentrated? Periphery of retina Retinal center (__________) How sensitive? High sensitivity Low sensitivity Sensitive to color? _____________

The Retina A magnified image of cones and rods in the retina of a human eye A magnified image of cones and rods in the retina of a human eye

Are You Afraid of the Dark? ____________________: the process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light ____________________: the process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light Cones adapt quickly (10 minutes or so) Cones adapt quickly (10 minutes or so) Rods adapt slowly but are more sensitive Rods adapt slowly but are more sensitive

BEAR GRYLLS

How is Everything Connected? Rods and cones → Neurons → _________________. Rods and cones → Neurons → _________________. GANGLION CELLS are neurons that “GANG UP” in the GANGLION CELLS are neurons that “GANG UP” in theretina Their axons make upTheir axons make up the optic nerve

HUMAN RESPONSES It is believed that humans have a highly specialized _______________ It is believed that humans have a highly specialized _______________ People suffering from brain damage are still able to recognize facesPeople suffering from brain damage are still able to recognize faces EXAMPLE: VEGETABLE MANEXAMPLE: VEGETABLE MAN

VEGETABLE MAN

Can you find all six faces?!?

How Do We See Colors? There are 2 processes which account for our ability to see color There are 2 processes which account for our ability to see color 1) ____________________ 1) ____________________ AKA: Young Helmholtz Theory; AKA: Young Helmholtz Theory; Occurs in the retinaOccurs in the retina

TRICHROMATIC THEORY There are 3 basic types of cones in the retina There are 3 basic types of cones in the retina One responds to the color ________One responds to the color ________ All other colors are formed from a combination of these threeAll other colors are formed from a combination of these three

COLOR BLIND OR COLOR DEFICIENT? Is it possible to be completely color blind? _____, but it is ________ Is it possible to be completely color blind? _____, but it is ________ Cones in the retina are absent or malfunctionCones in the retina are absent or malfunction Many species of animals are completely color blindMany species of animals are completely color blind

COLOR DEFICIENCY Most “colorblind” people are unable to differentiate _________ & ______ Most “colorblind” people are unable to differentiate _________ & ______ In rarer cases, the opposite is true In rarer cases, the opposite is true Who does it affect? Who does it affect? 8% of white men8% of white men 5% of Asian men5% of Asian men 3% black and Native American men3% black and Native American men It is VERY RARE in women It is VERY RARE in women

COLOR VISION SCREENING FOR EACH QUESTION, ANSWER: FOR EACH QUESTION, ANSWER: N EVER (OR ALMOST NEVER)N EVER (OR ALMOST NEVER) S ELDOMS ELDOM O CCASIONALLYO CCASIONALLY F REQUENTLYF REQUENTLY A LWAYS (OR MOST ALWAYS)A LWAYS (OR MOST ALWAYS)

1. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN YELLOW AND ORANGE? N, S, O, F, or A

2. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN YELLOW AND GREEN? N, S, O, F, or A

3. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN GRAY AND BLUE-GREEN? N, S, O, F, or A

4. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN RED AND BROWN? N, S, O, F, or A

5. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN GREEN AND BROWN? N, S, O, F, or A

6. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN PALE GREEN AND PALE RED? N, S, O, F, or A

7. DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN BLUE AND PURPLE? N, S, O, F, or A

8. DO THE COLOR NAMES THAT YOU USE DISAGREE WITH THOSE THAT OTHER PEOPLE USE? N, S, O, F, or A

9. ARE THE COLORS OF THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH? N, S, O, F, or A

10. DO YOU TEND TO CONFUSE COLORS? N, S, O, F, or A

RESULTS TO TALLY YOUR SCORE: GIVE YOURSELF:GIVE YOURSELF: 1 Point for each Never 1 Point for each Never 2 Points for each Seldom 2 Points for each Seldom 3 Points for each Occasionally 3 Points for each Occasionally 4 Points for each Frequently 4 Points for each Frequently 5 Points for each Always 5 Points for each Always THEN, ADD YOUR SCORE THEN, ADD YOUR SCORE

RESULTS If you scored 16 or higher, you have an 81% likelihood of failing a standard screening test for color vision. If you scored 16 or higher, you have an 81% likelihood of failing a standard screening test for color vision. If your score is in this range, you might want to get your color vision tested by a doctor If your score is in this range, you might want to get your color vision tested by a doctor

Our Next Act… 2) ______________________ 2) ______________________ Opponent-Process cells and brain neurons respond to certain waves and are inhibited from firing by other wavesOpponent-Process cells and brain neurons respond to certain waves and are inhibited from firing by other waves

ANTAGONISTIC COLORS Cells that fire in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed and vice versa _____________________ = Antagonistic

NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES Cells that _______ in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed Cells that _______ in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed Likewise, cell that were inhibited from firing, burst forth when the color is removed Likewise, cell that were inhibited from firing, burst forth when the color is removed

NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES THE RESULTS? THE RESULTS? We see red images when we blink after staring at green objectsWe see red images when we blink after staring at green objects The cells that switch on or off to signal the presence of green, send the opposite signal (red) when the green is removed…and vice versaThe cells that switch on or off to signal the presence of green, send the opposite signal (red) when the green is removed…and vice versa

AFTER IMAGE ILLUSIONS WOO HOO!

PERCEPTUAL TESTING AND DIAGNOSES ____________________: tests designed to reveal unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts. ____________________: tests designed to reveal unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts. Usually consist of ambiguous _________, ___________, or _______ that the test taker interprets or completesUsually consist of ambiguous _________, ___________, or _______ that the test taker interprets or completes

PROJECTION TESTS One of the most popular tests is the ________________________ One of the most popular tests is the ________________________ Devised by Hermann Rorschach in 1921Devised by Hermann Rorschach in cards with _______________ abstract patterns10 cards with _______________ abstract patterns Originally formed by spillingOriginally formed by spilling ink on paper and folding the paper in half

RORSCHACH TEST Test takers view the images and report what they see Test takers view the images and report what they see Results are reviewed by clinicians and a diagnosis is handed downResults are reviewed by clinicians and a diagnosis is handed down EXAMPLE: Certain images, such as soft, comforting items or motherly images may depict someone who is overly dependent. EXAMPLE: Certain images, such as soft, comforting items or motherly images may depict someone who is overly dependent. IS THIS TEST RELIABLE?

SHORTCOMINGS OF THE RORSCHACH TEST Too _______________; different clinicians interpret scores differently Too _______________; different clinicians interpret scores differently Low level of validity; they don’t measure what they truly should Low level of validity; they don’t measure what they truly should Results may be greatly affected by __________, ___________, and various other factors Results may be greatly affected by __________, ___________, and various other factors

PERCEPTION Differentiating between stimuli is effortless, EXCEPT when they become difficult to comprehend Differentiating between stimuli is effortless, EXCEPT when they become difficult to comprehend EXAMPLE: Words being spoken rapid-fire in a foreign languageEXAMPLE: Words being spoken rapid-fire in a foreign language

DEPTH AND DISTANCE PERCEPTION In order to judge the distance of objects, our eyes rely on _____________________. In order to judge the distance of objects, our eyes rely on _____________________. BI = TWO, So they are cues that require the use of both eyes.BI = TWO, So they are cues that require the use of both eyes. Help estimate objects UP TO ______ feet away. Help estimate objects UP TO ______ feet away.

BINOCULAR CUES ______________________:Your eyes receive different retinal images of the same object ______________________:Your eyes receive different retinal images of the same object EXAMPLE: Hold your pencil in front of you and view it with only one eye at a time.EXAMPLE: Hold your pencil in front of you and view it with only one eye at a time.

DISTANCE AND DEPTH PERCEPTION For objects FARTHER than 50 feet in distance, we use only For objects FARTHER than 50 feet in distance, we use only______________________ Cues that depend only uponCues that depend only upon using one eye

MONOCULAR CUES __________________: when 2 parallel lines appear to be coming together, they imply depth __________________: when 2 parallel lines appear to be coming together, they imply depth