Sound Waves Sound is created when objects vibrate. This vibration causes molecules in the surrounding medium to vibrate as well. This, in turn, causes.

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Presentation transcript:

Sound Waves Sound is created when objects vibrate. This vibration causes molecules in the surrounding medium to vibrate as well. This, in turn, causes pressure changes in the medium. Pressure Fluctuations Pattern stays the same Pressure decreases

Quantifying Sound Amplitude Intensity Frequency Hertz (Hz)

Most Sound is a Mix of Waves Time (msec)

Spectral Analysis

Differences in Animal Hearing

Differences in Mammalian Hearing

The Range of Human Hearing

Loudness Variations

Outer Ear Variations

Human Ear Divisions

Human Ear Anatomy

Middle Ear Bones Malleus Incus Stapes

Inner Ear - Cochlea

Cochlea Cross Section

Cochlear Partition Organ of Corti

Hair Cells

Hair Cell Neurochemistry Inner Hair Cells: afferent: Glu efferent: ACh Outer Hair Cells: afferent: ACh efferent: GABA

Sound, Vibration, and Transduction

Stereocilia Electronmicrograph of stereocilia tip links (Hudspeth, 1992)

Tip Link Neurochemistry Tip Link Movement: Opens non-selective ion channels K + and Ca ++ enter cell causing depolarization Causing voltage-gated Ca ++ channels to open at cells base Ca ++ triggers the release of neurotransmitter that stimulates afferent fiber

Cochlea Specific movement of the basilar membrane stimulates specific cells

Auditory Pathway Auditory Cortex Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) Inferior Colliculus Superior Olivary Nucleus Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Nerve

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