Medical School Histology Basics Cartilage and Bone VIBS 289 lab Larry Johnson Texas A&M University

Cartilage and Bone Slide 121: Bone, rabbit femur Cross section - Chondroblasts/chondrocytes Compact bone Spongy bone Concentric lamellae, Haversion system = osteon Haversion canal, Volkmann’s canal Osteoid Osteoblast/osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi Compact bone Spongy bone Muscle cartilage

Functions of Cartilage and Bone Evolutionary - embryonic model for bones Slides across each other easily while bearing weight (joints, articular surfaces of bones) Cushion - cartilage has limited compressibility (joints) Bone Skeletal support land animals Protective enclosure (vital organs) Skull to protect brain and long bone to protect hemopoietic cells Hemopoiesis Hemopoiesis

CELLS OF CT FIBROBLASTS MESENCHYMAL CELLS and RBC ADIPOSE CELLS MACROPHAGE PLASMA CELLS MAST CELLS and WBC CHONDROBLASTS CHONDROCYTES OSTEOBLASTS OSTEOCYTES OSTEOCLASTS

TYPES OF CARTILAGE HYALINE CARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE FIBROCARTILAGE CHONDROCYTES HYALINE CARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE Chondrocytes FIBROCARTILAGE Lacunae = “space”

Slide 194 Fetal elbow Transformation zone of cartilage to bone Perichondrium Transformation zone of cartilage to bone HYALINE CARTILAGE

Slide 194: Fetal elbow Hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane Dense regular connective tissue Bone matrix

Slide 133: Trachea, monkey Hyaline cartilage perichondrium

Slide 19762: Outer ear Elastic cartilage epithelium Elastic fibers Perichondrium Epithelium

DEMO SLIDE BOX 223 (F-H-48-1) –Pinna of ear, cat Elastic cartilage Elastic fibers Dense irregular tissue of the perichondrium Chondrocytes Chondroblasts

FIBROCARTILAGE Tendon/ ligament Fibroblast in Tendon/ligament INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND HYALINE CARTILAGE NO PERICHONDRIUM FIBROCARTILAGE Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage Bone

Fibrocartilage of Fetal elbow 194 Fibrocartilage of Fetal elbow Type 1 collagen bundles in fibrocartilage Skeletal muscle Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

DEMO SLIDE BOX 236 (53a) – Femur, cat. Bone Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage Fibroblasts in tendon Fibrocartilage is found connecting other structures. Here, the fibrocartilage is joining tendon to bone.

Dense irregular connective tissue capsule, the perichondrium Dense irregular connective tissue capsule, the perichondrium. An exception is the articular surface of cartilage in joints where the capsule is removed by the contact of hyaline cartilage at the surface of touching bones, Perichondrium Slide 194 Articular surface has no perichondrium. Joint is encapsulated by the synovial membrane

Tibia, fetal 421 Fibroblasts of the perichondrium In the fetal tibia, the perichondrium is a very prominent layer in actively growing fetal cartilage (note high density of cells developing) Cartilage

Tibia, fetal 421 Sulfated glycosaminoglycans as extracellular substrate Cartilage Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Chondrocytes Perichondrium

EM 11: Perichondrium Fibroblast Perichondrium Appositional growth Chondrocyte

EM 13: Chondrocytes Interstitial growth = mitotic division within the cartilage , chondrocytes RER Growth plate

Slide 194: Fetal elbow Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage Dense regular connective tissue Bone matrix Lacunae Fibrocartilage

Slide 220: Fetal finger Cancellous (spongy) bone Growth plate Compact bone

Slide 220 : Fetal finger Osteoblasts, osteoid, lacunae, osteocytes, osteoclasts Cancellous (spongy) bone Compact bone

Slide 220 Cartilage Osteocytes Osteoclasts Compact bone

Slide 220 : Fetal finger Cells that can be seen along the surface of the trabeculae Trabeculae Osteocytes Compact bone

EM 12: Osteoblast Prominent rough ER, Large Golgi complex Secretory vesicles Hydroxyapatite crystals

EM 12: Osteoblast Prominent rough ER, Large Golgi complex Secretory vesicles

32583 Rat bone toluidine blue stain of thin (.5 um) section Osteoblasts, osteoid, lacunae, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Bone diagram Concentric lamellae Haversion canal Volkmann’s canal Compact bone Concentric lamellae Haversion canal Volkmann’s canal Haversion system Spongy bone Haversion canal

Bone diagram Haversion canal, Osteocytes Lacunae, Canaliculi, Compact bone Haversion canal, Osteocytes Lacunae, Canaliculi, One forth of a Haversion system,

30130 compact bone Haversion canal Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi

Haversian system = osteon Bone matrix = osteoid Osteons (“Haversian systems”) Osteonal (“Haversian” or “central”) canals Concentric lamellae Canaliculi lacunae Vet school Demo Slide #220

Slide 121: Bone, rabbit femur Concentric lamellae, Osteocytes Lacunae, Haversion canal Haversion system, Spongy bone Compact bone

Slide 121 : Bone, rabbit femur Concentric lamellae Haversion canal Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi, Haversion system Compact bone

Slide 121 : Bone, rabbit femur endosteum Compact bone Concentric lamellae Haversion system Haversion canal Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi

Slide 425: Bone (unstained) Compact bone, concentric lamellae, Haversion system, Haversion canal, osteocytes Volkmann’s canal

Slide 425 : Bone (unstained) Compact bone Haversion system Haversion canal Osteocytes Volkmann’s canal

195 Osteoblasts, osteoid, lacunae, osteocytes, osteoclasts

HYALINE CARTILAGE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE, RESPONSIBLE FOR LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF LONG BONES

421 Endochondral Ossification Proliferation and alignment of epiphyseal cartilage cells is followed by hypertrophy and calcification Secondary spongiosa have osteoid cores Primary spongiosa have cartilage cores Slide 121

Slide 220 Fetal Finger

In summary

Questions on Cartilage and Bone Which is/are true about endochondral bone growth? growth in width occurs by appositional growth growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate by interstitial growth of cartilage followed by replacement by bone secondary spongiosa has an osteoid core a and b a, b, and c   Cartilage differs from bone in: diffusibility of the extracellular matrix presence of isogenous groups of cells ability for appositional growth

Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY. Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001. Arthur C. Guyton,1971.Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, PA WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius 1969 Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co. A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw

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