Chapter 15 Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Approach 10% Plan Congressional Rep.’s – Wade Davis Bill –50% oath, disenfranchisement of confederate leaders, full rights for freedmen –Pocket Veto

Johnson’s Initiative Jacksonian Democrat – contempt for NE elites and Southern planter class – no love for blacks (slave owner!) Amnesty for all who take oath (except leaders need presidential pardon) Revoke succession, repudiate debt, ratify 13 th Amendment Ok at first – then Black Codes and Confederate leaders emerge

Struggling for Economic Independence Land war – won by former plantation class Without land, freedmen had little chance of self-dependency

Resisting Wage Labor Wage labor = dependency Used to guarantee white supremacy – Freedman’s Bureau – sides with planters

Congress v. President Johnson veto’s Freedman’s Bureau and Trumbull’s CivilRights Bill Overidden by House

14 th Amendment Guarantees all people born in U.S. citizens No state can abridge or deprive such privileges Today, used to apply Bill of Rights to states Johnson’s campaign (1866) – Repubs win BIG by “waving the bloody shirt”

Radical Republicans Abolitionist wing of party Senate – Charles Sumner House – Thaddeus Stevens Goal was to remake southern society

Radical Reconstruction After 1866 – South still defiant

Congress Takes Command Reconstruction Act of 1867 (over Veto) South divided into military districts Readmission required guaranteeing blacks right to vote and ratifying 14 th Amendment

Impeachment Tenure of Office Act – Required senate approval to remove any official they initially approved Johnson removes Secretary of War, Edward M Stanton Impeachment in House, conviction fails by 1 vote in Senate

Election of 1868 U.S. Grant Republican Nominee Wins and maintains 2/3 of Congress

15 th Amendment The franchise cannot be denied on color or previous condition of servitude – but – leaves wiggle room for poll taxes etc. Sex not included – women’s rights groups fractured

Republican Rule in South – States rejoin and Republicans rule Support by blacks Length of rule differed

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Opportunistic northerners, ex- soldiers, businessmen looking to profit, yeoman farmers, German immigrants, anti-secession whites

African American Leadership Many elite’s freed before Civil War Filled all sorts of govt. positions

The Radical Program Vision an industrial South never achieved but create a far move modern egalitarian society Education, sexes, taxes

Black Churches Cultural, social and political center of community

Sharecropping

Undoing of Reconstruction Redeemers – Democrats needed Northern acquiescence

Counterrevolution KKK – Social Club to terrorist organization Nathan Bedford Forrest Failure of Federal Enforcement