Fig. 5-00

On the platform, the diver has more potential energy. Fig. 5-01 On the platform, the diver has more potential energy. Climbing the steps converts kinetic energy of muscle movement to potential energy. Diving converts potential energy to kinetic energy. In the water, the diver has less potential energy.

Energy conversion in a car Fig. 5-02 Fuel rich in chemical energy Waste products poor in chemical energy Energy conversion Heat energy Carbon dioxide  Water Gasoline  Oxygen Combustion Kinetic energy of movement Energy conversion in a car Heat energy Cellular respiration Carbon dioxide  Water Food  Oxygen ATP Energy for cellular work Energy conversion in a cell

Fig. 5-03 Food Food Calories Activity Food Calories consumed per hour by a 150-pound person* Cheeseburger 295 Running (7min/mi) 979 Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup) 241 Dancing (fast) 510 Baked potato (plain, with skin) 220 Bicycling (10 mph) 490 Fried chicken (drumstick) 193 Swimming (2 mph) 408 Bean burrito 189 Walking (3 mph) 245 Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice) 181 Dancing (slow) 204 Peanuts (1 ounce) 166 Playing the piano 73 Apple 81 Driving a car 61 Garden salad (2 cups) 56 Sitting (writing) 28 Popcorn (plain, 1 cup) 31 *Not including energy necessary for basic functions, such as breathing and heartbeat Broccoli (1 cup) 25 (a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods (b) Food Calories (kilocalories) we burn in various activities

Food Food Calories (a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods Fig. 5-03a Food Food Calories Cheeseburger 295 Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup) 241 Baked potato (plain, with skin) 220 Fried chicken (drumstick) 193 Bean burrito 189 Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice) 181 Peanuts (1 ounce) 166 Apple 81 Garden salad (2 cups) 56 Popcorn (plain, 1 cup) 31 Broccoli (1 cup) 25 (a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods

Food Calories consumed per hour by a 150-pound person* Fig. 5-03b Activity Food Calories consumed per hour by a 150-pound person* Running (7min/mi) 979 Dancing (fast) 510 Bicycling (10 mph) 490 Swimming (2 mph) 408 Walking (3 mph) 245 Dancing (slow) 204 Playing the piano 73 Driving a car 61 Sitting (writing) 28 *Not including energy necessary for basic functions, such as breathing and heartbeat (b) Food Calories (kilocalories) we burn in various activities

Energy Triphosphate Diphosphate Adenosine P P P Adenosine P P P Fig. 5-04 Energy Triphosphate Diphosphate Adenosine P P P Adenosine P P P Phosphate (transferred to another molecule) ATP ADP

(a) Motor protein performing mechanical work Fig. 5-05 Motor protein ATP ADP P ADP P Protein moved (a) Motor protein performing mechanical work Transport protein Solute P P ATP ADP P Solute transported (b) Transport protein performing transport work P ATP X P X Y ADP P Y Reactants Product made (c) Chemical reactants performing chemical work

ATP ADP P ADP P Protein moved Fig. 5-05a Motor protein ATP ADP P ADP P Protein moved (a) Motor protein performing mechanical work

P P ATP ADP P Solute transported Fig. 5-05b Transport protein Solute P P ATP ADP P Solute transported (b) Transport protein performing transport work

P ATP X P X Y ADP P Y Reactants Product made Fig. 5-05c P ATP X P X Y ADP P Y Reactants Product made (c) Chemical reactants performing chemical work

Cellular respiration: chemical energy harvested from fuel molecules Fig. 5-06 ATP Cellular respiration: chemical energy harvested from fuel molecules Energy for cellular work ADP P

Enzyme Reactant Reactant Energy level Energy level Products Products Fig. 5-07 Activation energy barrier Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme Enzyme Reactant Reactant Energy level Energy level Products Products (a) Without enzyme (b) With enzyme

Reactant Energy level Products Fig. 5-07a Activation energy barrier Reactant Energy level Products (a) Without enzyme

Enzyme Reactant Energy level Products Fig. 5-07b Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme Enzyme Reactant Energy level Products (b) With enzyme

Fig. 5-08 Gene for lactase Gene duplicated and mutated at random Mutated genes (mutations shown in orange) Mutated genes screened by testing new enzymes Genes coding for enzymes that show new activity Genes coding for enzymes that do not show new activity Genes duplicated and mutated at random Ribbon model showing the polypeptide chains of the enzyme lactase Mutated genes screened by testing new enzymes After seven rounds, some genes code for enzymes that can efficiently perform new activity.

(mutations shown in orange) Fig. 5-08a Gene for lactase Gene duplicated and mutated at random Mutated genes (mutations shown in orange) Mutated genes screened by testing new enzymes Genes coding for enzymes that show new activity Genes coding for enzymes that do not show new activity Genes duplicated and mutated at random Mutated genes screened by testing new enzymes After seven rounds, some genes code for enzymes that can efficiently perform new activity.

Ribbon model showing the polypeptide chains of the enzyme lactase Fig. 5-08b Ribbon model showing the polypeptide chains of the enzyme lactase

molecule of its substrate. Active site Fig. 5-09-1 Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate. Active site Enzyme (sucrase) H2O

molecule of its substrate. Active site Fig. 5-09-2 Substrate (sucrose) Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate. Active site Substrate binds to the enzyme. Enzyme (sucrase)

Substrate (sucrose) H2O Fig. 5-09-3 Substrate (sucrose) Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate. Active site Substrate binds to the enzyme. Enzyme (sucrase) H2O The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction.

Substrate (sucrose) Fructose H2O Glucose Fig. 5-09-4 Substrate (sucrose) Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate. Active site Substrate binds to the enzyme. Enzyme (sucrase) Fructose H2O Glucose The products are released. The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction.

(a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally Substrate Active site Fig. 5-10 (a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally Substrate Active site Enzyme Substrate Inhibitor (b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter Active site Enzyme Substrate (c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape Active site Inhibitor Enzyme

(a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally Fig. 5-10a Substrate Active site Enzyme (a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally

(b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter Fig. 5-10b Inhibitor Substrate Active site Enzyme (b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter

(c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule that Fig. 5-10c Substrate Active site Inhibitor Enzyme (c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape

Enzymatic activity Cytoplasm Fibers of extracellular matrix Fig. 5-11 Enzymatic activity Cytoplasm Fibers of extracellular matrix Cell signaling Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Transport Intercellular joining Cell-cell recognition

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule Fig. 5-12 Molecules of dye Membrane Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium (a) Passive transport of one type of molecule Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium (b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule Fig. 5-12a Molecules of dye Membrane Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium (a) Passive transport of one type of molecule

(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules Fig. 5-12b Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium (b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Sugar molecule Selectively Fig. 5-13-1 Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Sugar molecule Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solutions Osmosis Fig. 5-13-2 Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solutions Osmosis Sugar molecule Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis

Animal cell H2O H2O H2O H2O Normal Lysing Shriveled Plant cell Plasma Fig. 5-14 Animal cell H2O H2O H2O H2O Normal Lysing Shriveled Plant cell Plasma membrane H2O H2O H2O H2O Flaccid (wilts) Turgid Shriveled (a) Isotonic solution (b) Hypotonic solution (c) Hypertonic solution

H2O H2O Normal H2O H2O Flaccid (wilts) Fig. 5-14a Animal cell H2O H2O Normal Plant cell H2O H2O Flaccid (wilts) (a) Isotonic solution

Fig. 5-14b H2O Lysing H2O Turgid (b) Hypotonic solution

H2O Shriveled H2O Shriveled Fig. 5-14c H2O Shriveled Plasma membrane H2O Shriveled (c) Hypertonic solution

Fig. 5-15

Lower solute concentration Fig. 5-16-1 Lower solute concentration Solute ATP Higher solute concentration

Lower solute concentration Fig. 5-16-2 Lower solute concentration Solute ATP Higher solute concentration

Fig. 5-17 Outside of cell Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Fig. 5-18

Fig. 5-19 Outside of cell Cytoplasm Reception Transduction Response Receptor protein Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose for energy Proteins of signal transduction pathway Epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal glands Plasma membrane

Proteins of signal transduction pathway Fig. 5-19a Outside of cell Cytoplasm Reception Transduction Response Receptor protein Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose for energy Proteins of signal transduction pathway Epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal glands Plasma membrane

Fig. 5-20

Energy for cellular work Fig. 5-UN01 Energy for cellular work ATP cycle Adenosine P P P Adenosine P P P Phosphate ATP ADP Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Energy from organic fuel

Activation energy Enzyme added Reactant Reactant Products Products Fig. 5-UN02 Activation energy Enzyme added Reactant Reactant Products Products

Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Higher solute concentration Fig. 5-UN03 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Passive Transport (requires no energy) Active Transport (requires energy) Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Higher solute concentration Higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) Higher solute concentration Solute Solute Solute Water Solute ATP Lower solute concentration Lower water concentration (higher solute concentration) Lower solute concentration

Exocytosis Endocytosis Fig. 5-UN04 Exocytosis Endocytosis