Solids, Liquids, Gases & Plasmas Chapter 16

The Kinetic Theory An explanation of how particles of matter behave All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, ions, molecules) These particles are in constant, random motion These particles collide with themselves and their container

Thermal Energy Total amount of energy in matter, including kinetic (moving) and potential (held in bonds between molecules) As temperature lowers, the thermal energy goes down and the particles tend to vibrate At higher temperatures, the particles move very quickly

Temperature and Kinetic Energy Temperature is the measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance The lower the temperature, the lower the kinetic energy (movement) of the particles

Solid State In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together They vibrate against each other Chemical and physical properties can be attributed to the arrangement of particles Definite size, shape and volume

Liquid State Melting point– point where a solid turns into a liquid Particles move faster than in a solid Heat of fusion- heat needed to turn a solid into a liquid No definite shape, has definite volume Flows freely

Gas State Very fast molecular movement Do not have a definite volume or shape Vaporization- a liquid turns into a gas when heat is applied Evaporation can occur at lower temperatures off the surface of the liquid

Boiling Point Temperature where liquid boils and liquid begins to turn into a gas Heat of vaporization- amount of energy required to turn a liquid into a gas

Sublimation A solid changing into a gas Skips the liquid state Ex. Dry ice

Heating Curve of a Liquid

Phase Diagram

Plasma State Consists of positive and negative particles Most common state of matter in the universe Exists where temperature is very, very high Ex, the sun, lightening, neon tubes and auroras

Thermal Expansion The increase in size of something when temperature increases When they cool down, they shrink because the molecules aren’t moving around as much Thermal expansion of liquids explain why liquid in thermometers rise Thermal expansion of gas is how hot air balloons work

Strange Behavior of Water Water behaves differently When water cools down, the molecules become further apart The explains why ice floats in water

Boyle’s Law If you decrease the volume, then you increase the pressure If you increase the volume, then the pressure of the gas decreases Inversely proportional

Charles Law Temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases Temperature of a gas decreases, so does the volume Ex. Put a balloon in the freezer it shrinks