PLANTS

Characteristics 1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotes 3. Photosynthesis 4. Cells walls have cellulose 5. Most  cuticle (waxy, waterproof coating)

2 Types of Plants Nonvascular Most primitive, rely on water coming to them close to the ground reproduce using spores example: moss Vascular contain vascular tissue that transports water and minerals  can grow tall  vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) example: oak tree

Parts of a Vascular Plant 1. Roots – penetrate soil  organ that absorbs water and minerals 2. Stem a. Transport food, water, and other materials b. Organs for food storage c. Photosynthesis Leaves a. photosynthesis

Typical Reproductive Strategies 1. Seeds – organ that contain an embryo, food, & protective coat 2. Reproduce by spores/seeds

Which is vascular and which one is nonvascular? B.

2 Groups of Vascular Plants Gymnosperms needlelike or scale-like seeds reproductive structures in cones most are evergreen, some are deciduous prevents water loss Examples: pine, spruce, and conifer trees Angiosperms (vessel seed) flowering plants ”vessel seed” produce and store their seeds in an ovary (will become fruit) examples: roses, apple trees, geraniums

Monocots Grass, orchid and lily Dicots Shrubs, herbs, and veggies

MONOCOTS Angiosperms Single seed leaf (cotyledon)  Leaf veins are parallel flowers/petals grow in groups of 3

DICOTS Angiosperms 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) Leaf veins are branched (net-like) flowers/petals grow in groups of 4 or 5 Majority of flowering plants

Flower Reproductive organ of the plant Male and female parts Stamen – male Pistil - female

Plant Reproduction Stamen  produces pollen & it moves away from plant (wind, pollinators) Pistil  pollen lands on the pistil of another plant (called pollination)  fertilizes the egg within the ovary (called fertilization)  flower petals fall off  ovaries develop into a fruit that encloses the seeds Are fruits always edible? NO! ex. Helicopters, acorns, dandelions

Asexual Reproduction Vegetative propagation Duplicate themselves Strawberry plants send out runners  grow into new plants Plant clippings can grow into new plants Potato will grow into a new plant

Most plants reproduce sexually and asexually Most have male and female parts

Germination Seed begins to sprout (temperature and moisture changes)

Vascular Tissues • Xylem - transport of water and minerals (up) • Phloem - transport of food (down)

Roots Taproots Accumulate & store food Beets, carrots Fibrous roots Small branching roots from a central point Prop roots Originate from above Help support it  corn

Stems Herbaceous stems Woody stems Green Soft, flexible Photosynthesis Petunias, impatiens Woody stems Brown, made of wood Hard, rigid Trees, shrubs

Leaf Cross Section

Leaves Transpiration: loss of water through the stomata (or stoma) on the leaves Guard Cells – surround and control size of a stomata (or stoma); water movement by osmosis Stomata – opens and closes; helps reduce water loss

Plant hormones A chemical produced and transported to another part of the plant (change) Auxins Inhibit growth of side branches; cause delays Gibberellins Promotes growth; germination Cytokinins Stimulate cell division Ethylene Gas Promotes ripening (fruits)

Plant Tropisms +  moves toward stimulus -  moves away from stimulus A plant’s response to an external stimulus +  moves toward stimulus -  moves away from stimulus Phototropism – moves toward light (auxin on opposite side)

Gravitropism – response to gravity (stems = -) (roots = +) Thigmotropism – response to touch Nastic Movement – responsive movement; does not depend on the stimulus (venus fly trap)

Growth Annuals – 1 life cycle in 1 growing season Biennials – takes two growing seasons Perennials – live several years; reproduce several times