End of WW I WW II : Serbs and Croats fight on opposite sides Josip Broz (Tito) takes the office of Prime Minister

Croats Jews Gypsies Serbs Communists TITOTITO TITOTITO Need for unity: Open animosity against any group prohibited Tito dies Serb Chetniks WE CAN ALL BE BROs !!

Unification movement is shattered Slovenes and Croats reply with own brand of nationalism Slobodan Milosevic comes into power. Forms alliances with Serbs nationalists: ‘Greater Serbia’ First target: Kosovo and Vojvodina: (FIRST POSSIBLE INTERVENTION POINT)

600,000 Serbs living in Croatia promised armed support by Milosevic Hostilities from Croatian Govt. (HDA Party) too Serb paramilitaries and JNA forces attack Krajina region CSCE and EC try to broker ceasefire agreements, send EU monitors on ground to oversee negotiations.

July and September - France, Germany, Netherlands and Italy propose to send armed forces to impose peace. England says nay PM Major: ‘Western intervention would extend the fighting perhaps to Bosnia, Macedonia, or elsewhere.’ Alternative action available? Recognize secessionist states as sovereign ones -> Arm states against Serb nationalists, back by air strikes, BUT Would have required physical troops if strikes unsuccessful Would have set a precedent for secessionist movements (Soviet Union, India, Romania and China fearful)

2. Jan - Bosnian president requests 2,000-3,000 peacekeepers Jan – Slovenian and Croatian independence recognized by the EU

Ethnic Cleansing Begins 29. Feb - Bosnia declares independence, but gets boycotted by the Serbs 6. Apr - Bosnia’s independence is recognized by the European Union -Serbia sieges Sarajevo and takes in control of Bosnia, ethnic cleansing starts

Late Apr - Security Council ceases any interference outside Bosnia that blocks the delivery of humanitarian aid immediately. UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) in Sarajevo provide humanitarian aid and support

End of July - At this point: More than 1 million Bosnians homeless. 500,000 have fled Many Muslim women and girls have been raped

7. Jan – Bosnian Serb village of Kravica attacked by ARBiH. Led to reprisals from Bosnian Serbs

April – Serbs attack Srebrenica Leading to: Constant shelling by Bosnian Serbs Increasing number of refugees Devastating living condition

Intensity of intervention US and other Non-Aligned group of Security Council European Countries ‘SAFE AREA’ POLICY Why the ‘Safe Area’ policy?

9. Feb - Under the request of UN, NATO launched air strike against artillery and mortar positions around Sarajevo 23. Feb - The end of Croat-Bosniak war with Washington agreement Apr - UNPROFOR’s air strike to protect Gorazde (one of the safe areas) 14. Apr - Serbs take UN personnel as hostage Nov - US lifts arms embargo against Bosnia

July - Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) occupied Srebrenica, another UN safe area 7,414 Muslim men murdered; the worst war crime of the whole war Early Aug - “Operation Storm” by Croat-Bosniak army takes over Krajina region in Croatia

12. Oct - 60-day ceasefire comes into effect 1. Nov -Peace talks begin in Dayton, Ohio 14. Dec - Peace agreement signed in Paris

-Minimum Criteria ① Supreme Humanitarian Emergency ② Last Resort/Necessity ③ Proportionality ④ Positive Humanitarian Outcome Short term Long term

-Optional Criteria ⑤Humanitarian Motive ⑥Humanitarian Justification ⑦Legality ⑧Selectivity

1991 – Serbs attack Krajina region (Croatia) -> International Community hesitant to intervene -> Arms Embargo 1992 – Start of ethnic cleansing & hesitancy of International Community 1993 – The Setback of “Safe-Area” Policy 1994 & NATO air raid, end of the war

Estimated number of 100,000 people were killed (80% Bosniak) Many migrants (about half million people) are not back in Bosnia yet because of financial reason After the war, EU and NATO provided peacekeeping force for Bosnia’s stablity In early 2007, International Crisis Group warned that ethnic nationalism remains strong still

War crime and trials…: -Milosevic’s legal procedure started from Milosevic argued that he did not directly commited some of the crimes, such as ordering killing and raping -He died during the legal procedure -Two Bosnian Serb officials were sentenced 22 years in jail

Bosnia’s government today - New government was formed in (Total of 10 ministers- 4 Bosniaks, 3 Serbs, 3 Croats) -Multi ethnic party, Social Democratic Party (SDP) has the largest support (25%)

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areas-west-sets-the-stage-for-a-human-tragedy-the-creation-of- un-safe-refugee-zones-proceeds-apace-in-these-diseaseridden- camps-thousands-of-orphaned-muslim-children-with-no-hope- for-the-future-will-turn-to-crime-or-terrorism html Saving Strangers, Nicholas J. Wheeler, Oxford university press, p

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