© Copyright 2011 by the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation (NRAEF) and published by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Receiving Equipment  The receiving area is the first stop in the flow of food.  Receiving equipment:  Receiving table/area  Scales  Utility cart Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Storage Equipment  Dry goods must be stored at least 6 inches off the floor on stainless-steel shelving.  Storage equipment:  Shelving  Walk-in refrigerator or freezer  Reach-in refrigerator or freezer

Pre-preparation equipment  Knives  Hand tools and small equipment  Measuring utensils  Pots and pans

Knives & Knife Care  Each knife is designed for a specific purpose.  Boning knife  Chef’s knife  Paring knife  Filet knife  Serrated slicer Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques  A knife has several parts:

Knives & Knife Care (cont.) Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques  Use the hand not holding the knife as your guiding hand. This hand will hold down your food and control the size of your cut.  Honing is the regular maintenance required to keep knives in the best shape.  A sharpening stone is used to grind and hone the edges of steel tools and implements.  Use a 20 degree angle for honing and sharpening knives.  A steel is a long metal rod that is used to remove the microscopic burrs that are created as a knife is used.

Hand Tools and Small Equipment Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Measuring Utensils Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Pots and Pans  In general, pots are larger vessels with straight sides and two loop handles. Pans tend to be shallower with one long handle and either straight or sloped sides Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Processing Equipment: Cutters and Mixers  Always use safety guards when using cutting machines.  Employees must be properly trained and informed of all precautionary measures that should be taken when operating the equipment.  It is illegal for minors to use, clean, or maintain cutters or mixers Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Steamers & Broilers  Steamers cook the food with steam Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques  Broilers cook food quickly with the heat source above the food.

Ranges, Griddles, Fryers, and Ovens Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques  Ranges are cooking units with open heat sources.  Ovens

Holding and Serving Equipment Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Mise en Place  The goal of pre-preparation is to do as much of the work in advance without any loss in ingredient quality  The basic elements of mise en place—knife cuts, flavorings, herbs and spices, and basic preparations—are the building blocks of a professional chef ’s training. 14 Getting ready to cook is called mise en place. Mise en place is French for “to put in place.” 5.2 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Seasoning, Herbs, and Spices  There are four basic types of seasoning ingredients:  Salts  Peppers  Sugars  Acids  Herbs and spices are important ingredients used to enhance and add to the flavor of food:  Herbs are the leaves, stems, or flowers of an aromatic plant.  Spices are the bark, roots, seeds, buds, or berries of an aromatic plant.  Heat, light, and air all speed the loss of flavor and color Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Pre-preparation Techniques  Basic cooking techniques in pre-preparation include:  separating eggs  whipping egg whites  setting up a bain-marie  making parchment liners for pans  blanching  shocking Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Heat Transfer  Convection is the transfer of heat caused by the movement of molecules (in the air, water, or fat) from a warmer area to a cooler one Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Dry-Heat Cooking Methods  Broiling is a rapid cooking method that uses high heat from a source located above the food.  Grilling is excellent for cooking smaller pieces of food.  Roasting and baking are techniques that cook food by surrounding the items with hot, dry air in the oven.  Griddling is cooking a food item on a hot, flat surface (known as a griddle) or in a relatively dry, heavy-bottomed fry pan or cast-iron skillet. 18 In dry-heat cooking, food is cooked either by direct heat, like on a grill, or by indirect heat in a closed environment, like in an oven. 5.3 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Dry-Heat Cooking Methods (cont.)  The sautéing method cooks food rapidly in a small amount of fat over relatively high heat. The fat adds to the flavor.  Stir-fry is a cooking method closely related to sauté. Like sauté, it is a quick-cooking, dry-heat method.  To pan-fry food, cook it in an oil over less intense heat than that used for sautéing or stir-frying.  To deep-fry food, bread or batter coat it, immerse (completely cover) it in hot fat, and fry it until it is done Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Moist-Heat Cooking Methods  When simmering, cook food between 180°F and 200°F. The food is completely submerged in a liquid that is at a constant, moderate temperature.  When poaching, cook food between 160°F and 180°F. The surface of the poaching liquid should show some motion, but no air bubbles should break the surface.  Blanching is a variation of boiling. When blanching, partially cook food and then finish it later.  Steaming is cooking food by surrounding it in steam in a confined space such as a steamer basket, steam cabinet, or combi-oven. Direct contact with the steam cooks the food. 20 Moist-heat cooking techniques produce food that is delicately flavored and moist, which can be served as a separate course or used as a sauce base. 5.3 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Combination-Cooking Methods  In braising, first sear the food item in hot oil, and then partially cover it in enough liquid to come halfway up the food item. Then cover the pot or pan tightly and finish the food slowly in the oven or on the stovetop until it is tender.  When stewing, first cut the main food item into bite-sized pieces, and either blanch or sear them. As with braising, cook the food in oil first, and then add liquid. Stewing requires more liquid than braising. Cover the food completely while it is simmering. 21 When the best method for preparing certain food is a combination of dry-heat and moist-heat cooking methods, it is called combination cooking. 5.3 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Sous Vide  Sous vide is a method in which food is cooked for a long time, sometimes well over 24 hours. Sous vide is French for “under vacuum.” Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Determining Doneness & Plating  There are two important qualities that cooks look for to determine a product’s doneness:  Has it achieved the desired texture?  Has it reached the minimum internal temperature it needs to be safe?  Portioning is the amount of an item that is served to the guest.  Plating is the decision about what serving vessel will be used to present the product as well as the layout of the item on the plate or in the bowl and the garnishing of the item.  Garnish enhances the food being served Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Healthy Diets  A healthy diet:  Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low- fat milk and milk products  Includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts  Is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Vegetarian Diets  A vegan follows the strictest diet of all and will consume no dairy, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, or anything containing an animal product or byproduct, including honey. They consume only grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts, and seeds.  A lacto-vegetarian consumes all the vegan items plus dairy products.  An ovo-vegetarian consumes all vegan foods plus eggs.  A lacto-ovo-vegetarian consumes all the vegan items plus dairy products and eggs. 25 A vegetarian is a person who consumes no meat, fish, or poultry products. There are different types of vegetarians: 5.4 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Dietary Guidelines for Americans  The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 is a document published jointly by the Department of Health and Human Services and the USDA.  Total fat intake: Less than 30% of total calories  Sodium intake: Less than 2300mg (approximately 1 teaspoon salt) per day  Cholesterol intake: Consume less than 300mg per day Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

Nutrition Labels  Each nutrient on the panel is reported as a percentage of Daily Values (DV).  The DVs are provided in percentages based on a 2000-calorie diet.  The mandatory components on the Nutrition Facts label are:  Serving size and servings per container  Total calories and calories from fat  Total fat and saturated fat  Trans fat  Cholesterol  Sodium  Total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and sugars  Protein  Vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques

The Problem of Obesity 28 A person who is overweight or obese has a weight that is greater than what is generally considered healthy. 5.4 Chapter 5 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 2—Equipment and Techniques 