Syntax ENSGA03X / Pedagogical Grammar ENSG1B02X

Lessons  Syntax  Block 1, first 8 meetings Rest of Bl 1: 1 hour per week regular recaps and practice test  Pedagogical Grammar  starts half way through bl 1. Runs until and including bl 3. In bl 4 remedial meetings to prepare for resit.

Tests  Syntax  end of block 1 study: reader & notes  Pedagogical Grammar  end of block 3

What is a sentence?  A group of words which makes sense.  A word or set of words followed by a pause and revealing an intelligible purpose.  A combination of words that contains at least one subject and one predicate.  A combination of words that completes a thought.

Collins English Dictionary finite ‘A sequence of words capable of standing alone to make an assertion, ask a question, or give a command, usually consisting of a subject and predicate containing a finite verb.’

What are sentences for?  To make statements  To ask questions  To request or demand action  To express emotion

The Life and Strange and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe I was born in the Year 1632, in the City of York, of a good Family, tho' not of that Country, my Father being a Foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull; He got a good Estate by Merchandise, and leaving off his Trade, lived afterward at York, from whence he had married my Mother, whose Relations were named Robinson, a very good Family in that Country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but by the usual Corruption of Words in England, we are now called, nay we call our selves, and write our Name Crusoe, and so my Companions always call'd me. — Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)

‘But --- !’

Subject & “The rest”  Subject – What is it  “Rest” – What we’re saying about it

Examples SUBJECT John The dog The beautiful fairy “Rest” smiled. was barking. had granted three wishes.

Examples “Rest” Over the horizon appeared SUBJECT an immense Armada.

Analysis Dividing sentences into Constituents (zinsdelen) Giving them labels eg Subject

Constituents  Phrase eg Noun Phrase (head word is a noun) The dogs / barked The furious dogs / barked The furious dogs of the milkman / barked

Five kinds of phrases 1.Noun phrase the furious dogs 2.Adjective Phrase glad 3.Adverb Phrase drastically 4.Verb Phrase was barking / rushed off 5.Prepositional Phrase in the garden

Word Class (Parts of Speech) p22  Parsing (the art of analysing the various roles played by words in a sentence)

OPEN CLASSES Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Interjections CLOSED CLASSES Determiners Pronouns Conjunctions Prepositions Auxiliaries