Reconstruction Period 1866-1877

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The Civil War 1861-1865 Fought between the United States and the Confederate States of America Northern Goals Preserve the Union Abolish slavery Southern Goals Preserve their way of life Be left alone with slavery unchanged

War Continued 1963- Emancipation Proclamation freed African Americans in rebel states. Some northerners opposed the proclamation, others thought it did not go far enough. The proclamation encouraged freedmen to join Union forces, almost 180,000 African Americans served in segregated units. The United States defeated the Confederate States of America

Major Questions following the War: How to re-build the South? How to bring Southern states back into the United States? How to bring former slaves into the United States as free men and women? 13th-amendment outlawed slavery, 14th amendment protected the rights of these newly freed slaves, 15th amendment gave black citizens the right to vote. -White reaction in South- Southerners were determined to keep blacks poor, uneducated and powerless. They used force and corruption to do this and faced little opposition from the federal government.

How to bring former Confederate states back into the United States? Should people who fought against the United State be allowed to become American citizens? Should they be punished?

Freedmen At the end of the Civil War there were hundreds of thousands former slaves living in the former Confederate States. How would they be treated? What do you think were some of the major challenges faced by former slaves?

What was Reconstruction? Time Period: 1866-1877 A series of laws that put southern states under U.S. military control and required them to draft new state constitutions upholding the 13th,14th & 15th amendments. 13th: abolished slavery 14th: overruled Dred v. Scott (1857) which had stated black people could not be citizens. 15th: Gave African Americans right to vote

Reconstruction Era Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877) Lincoln’s Plan: issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction which gave forgiveness to all southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation. Ten-Percent Plan: stated that once 10 percent of a southern state’s voters took the oath, they could organize a new state government, which had to ban slavery.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan: Though he was a Democrat, Republicans thought he would work with them because he didn’t seem as forgiving as Lincoln Added wealthy southern men to the list of those who needed to be punished by government Faced opposition from radical republicans who wanted white southerners to accept responsibility for causing the war and to treat former slaves fairly. Was welcomed by white southerners, who could form state governments on their own terms

Jigsaw Activity In groups analyze the outcomes of the reconstruction period. Freedman’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan Black Codes Political Participation/Radical Republicans Booker T. Washington

Discussion In what ways were African Americans rights still restricted? In what ways did Reconstruction help? Who helped?

Congressional Reconstruction Republicans would elect Civil War war hero Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate in the 1868 presidential election As Congress took control of government, discrimination slowed and the black codes disappeared. 1870-Passage of the 15th amendment

Quick Review

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan formed by a group of Confederate Army in veterans in 1865, used terrorism and violence to enforce the rule of white supremacy. KKK organizations slowly declined toward the 1890’s as a result of legal segregation (Jim Crow).

White Southerners lash out Frustrated Whites acted out through a series of lynching's. Between 1885 & 1901 more than 2,000 Blacks were lynched. Ida B. Wells inspired a national gathering of black leaders in 1893 to call for an anti-lynching law. This law was the first of several laws that would be proposed by activists and killed by Congress. Ida was powerful because not only was she African American but she was a women. Many books were published to relay her message and tell the truth to lynching during this time period.

Strange Fruit: Respond to following questions: Billie Holiday Strange Fruit: Respond to following questions: What is the mood of the song? What is Billie Holiday referring to by strange fruit?

NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was formed in response to the continuing practice of lynching & race riots. Appalled at the violence against blacks, a group of white liberals called for a meeting to discuss racial justice. With the help of other black leaders (Ida B. Wells, DuBois) the NAACP was established in 1909.

NAACP Cont. The NAACP launched a legal campaign to fight racial injustice & began documenting racist violence which was published in magazines such as The Crisis. By 1940, NAACP membership had reached 50,000. NAACP is one of the most prominent organizations still around today!!

Jim Crow By 1910 African Americans were caught in a degrading system throughout the South known as “Jim Crow” Supreme Court case: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) African Americans were ordered to use separate restrooms, water fountains, restaurants, schools, libraries, bus seats, etc. Jim Crow named after a black minstrel in a popular song.

Plessy v. Ferguson Read the dispute Plessy v. Ferguson Does the amendment allow states to pass segregation laws? Do you agree with Plessy that the law was unconstitutional?

In groups examine the following primary sources: What are primary sources? What do you notice about these sources? How does it relate to the time period we have studied? What connections can you make?

HW Read the “real story of Plessy” -Answer the following questions in complete sentences for credit!!!

The Great Migration & the beginning of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution 1870-1920, brought many changes to the United States including: the mass production of consumer goods large-scale migration from all parts of the world patterns of social change that reshaped workplace, family, and gender roles.

What the North had to offer… Industries -more job opportunities, $ Voting/political participation Escape racial climate (violence, racism & police brutality) in former confederate states. Seek better education

The Great Migration The movement of 2 million African Americans out of the Southern region of the United States to the North, Midwest, & West from 1910 to 1930. During this time, the African American population grew by approximately 40% in Northern states, mostly in major cities. (NYC, Chicago, Detroit)

Schools in the South Under funded!! Fewer books, worse buildings, underpaid teachers. Typical southern classroom in the early 1900s. Barefoot children work under the supervision of a single teacher, who taught all subjects, ages, and grades. Schools were at the mercy of white-controlled state government funding.

Black school v. White School African American school in Halifax County, VA. All White school in Halifax County, VA.

W.E.B. DuBois “The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem with the color line.” Du Bois is considered one of the greatest African American intellectual & civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Among the first to call for full and unconditional equal rights for people of color. Du Bois carefully documented the historical and social truths of black people's lives as well as the realities of the harsh conditions they endured.