Body Movements and Muscle Histology Lab # 7 Body Movements and Muscle Histology Objectives 1- Describe and demonstrate the different types of body movements. 2- List the three types of muscle tissue and function of each. 3- Describe the histological appearance of each type. 4- Describe the organization of the skeletal muscle. 5- Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber. 6- Understand the rules that determine the name of some muscles.

Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension Flexion: Movement that decreases the joint angle in hinge joints. Extension: Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Hip flexion Knee flexion Extension Lateral flexion Flexion

Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position. Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few joints. Hyperextension Extension Flexion Hyperextension

Abduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. Adduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Depression: A movement that lowers a body vertically part in the frontal plane. Protraction: The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane. Retraction: The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane.

Supination: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. The forearm is supinated in anatomical position (the radius is parallel to the ulna) Pronation: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward. The radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus. The head spins in the radial notch of ulna and the radius crosses stationary ulna like an X

Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone Tendons: Narrow bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bone TENDONS Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone LIGAMENT Aponeuroses: Bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones APONEUROSIS

Epicraneal aponeuroses ( Galea ) Lumbar aponeuroses Abdominal aponeuroses

Muscle Tissue

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE MARTINI page 133 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE 1- Skeletal muscle 2- Cardiac muscle 3- Smooth muscle

MUSCLE HISTOLOGY Types of muscle: 1- Skeletal 2- Cardiac 3- Smooth C e l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 1- Skeletal 2- Cardiac 3- Smooth Long, Short, Cylindrical, Branched, Spindle, Striated, Non-striated, Multinuclear Single nucleus

Types of Muscle Tissue Cell characteristics Nuclei Long, cylindrical, unbranched striated , multinuclear Skeletal muscle Striations Nucleus Intercalated disk Cardiac muscle Short, branched, striated , single nucleus, intercalated discs Nucleus Nerve ending Short, spindle-shaped, non-striated , single nucleus Smooth muscle

Organization of the Skeletal Muscles (Unit 13, page 173) Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Muscle fiber (cell) Endomysium

MUSCLE FIBER (cell) Sarcoplasm Nucleus Capillary Mitochondria Sarcolemma Myosatellite cell Endomysium They are involved in the repair of damaged muscle Myofibrils They consist of bundles of myofilaments (thin filaments and thick filaments) Axon

SKELETAL MUSCLE MUSCLE FASCICLE MUSCLE FIBER (CELL) MYOFIBRIL Contains: Surrounded by: MUSCLE FASCICLE Muscle fascicles Epimysium Contains: Surrounded by: MUSCLE FIBER (CELL) Muscle fibers (cells) Perimysium Contains: Surrounded by: Myofibrils Endomysium MYOFIBRIL Contains: Myofilaments MYOFILAMENTS They are organized in sarcomeres Thick filaments: myosin Sarcomere Thin filaments: actin

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Structure of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber Mitochondria Terminal cisterna They produce the chemical energy (ATP) for muscle contraction. Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibril Thick filament Thin filament T tubules Triad Sarcoplasmic reticulum They conduct the nerve impulse from the sarcolemma to the interior of the cell. It stores calcium for muscle contraction.

Sarcomere Structure M line MYOFIBRIL Z line Sarcomere They consist of proteins called actinins, which interconnect thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres. Z line Sarcomere They are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber M line MYOFIBRIL Myosin (thick filaments) Actin (thin filaments) I band (It contains thin filaments but not thick filaments Zone of overlap A band H band A band: Its length is equal to the length of the thick filaments. It contains both thin and thick filaments. M line: It consists of proteins that connect the each thick filament with its neighbors. H band: It is a lighter region on either side of the M line, which contains only thick filaments. I band Z line Zone of overlap Zone of overlap: It is the region where the thin filaments are situated between the thick filaments. H band M line

Sarcomere Structure I band A band Z line H zone Thin filament Thick filament Zone of overlap M line Sarcomere

Neuromuscular junction The Neuromuscular Junction Axon of motor neuron Axon terminal Motor neuron It carries the nerve impulse. It releases the neurotransmitter. Neuromuscular junction It is the point where the motor neuron and the muscle fiber meet. Muscle cell or fiber Nucleus Sarcolemma Myofibril Myofilaments (They are organized in sarcomeres)

Axon Terminal or Synaptic Knob Smooth E.R. Mitochondrion They produce the ATP for active transport of ions Synaptic vesicles They contain the neurotransmitter Synaptic vesicles releasing the neurotransmitter

Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Terminal (T) tubules They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell Myofibril Sarcoplasmic reticulum It stores calcium for muscle contraction Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule Triad Terminal cisternae They store calcium for muscle contraction Endomysium Mitochondria They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction Sarcolemma Myelin sheath Myofilaments Sarcoplasm Motor end plate Axon of the motor neuron Synaptic cleft Sarcolemma Junctional folds Endomysium Synaptic vesicles It carries the nerve impulse They contain the neurotransmitter

Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Synaptic cleft Triad Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule AXON TERMINAL Myofilaments Mitochondria They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction Sarcoplasmic reticulum It stores calcium for muscle contraction Synaptic vesicles They contain the neurotransmitter Terminal cisternae Junctional folds Transverse (T) tubules They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell Axon of the motor neuron Sarcolemma It carries the nerve impulse Endomysium Myelin sheath

Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Sarcomeres Myofibrils Superior view Neuromuscular junction Nuclei Axon terminal They release the neurotransmitter Sarcoplasm Axon of the motor neuron Sarcolemma It carries the nerve impulse Endomysium

Microstructure of the Muscle Fiber Terminal cisterna They store calcium for muscle contraction Thick myofilaments (Myosin) Thin myofilaments (Actin) T tubule They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell Triad Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion It stores calcium for muscle contraction They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction