Chapter 7: Ethnicity

Ethnicity Key Issues Where are ethnicities distributed? Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities? Why do ethnicities clash? What is ethnic cleansing?

Issue 1: Distribution of Ethnicities Ethnicities in the United States Clustering of ethnicities African American migration patterns Differentiating ethnicity and race Race in the United States Division by race in South Africa

Ethnicity Ethnicity: identification with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Race: identification with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Ethnicity is different from Race

The Study of Ethnicity Ethnicity is an important cultural element of local diversity because our ethnic identity is unchangeable. No ethnicity is attempting or even aspiring to achieve global dominance. Ethnicity is not subjected to the tension between local diversity and globalization

Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States Clustering of ethnicities can occur at two scales: regions of the country particular neighborhoods within cities. The two most numerous ethnicities in the United States are: Hispanics or Latinos, about 15% African-Americans, about 13%

Clustering of Ethnicities Clustering of ethnicities can occur at two scales: particular regions of the country and particular neighborhoods within cities. African-Americans are clustered in the Southeast Hispanics in the Southwest Asian-Americans in the West American Indians in the Southwest and Plains states.

African Americans in the U.S.

Hispanic Americans in the U.S.

Asian Americans in the U.S.

Native Americans in the U.S.

Concentration of Ethnicities in Urban Cities African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas. About 90% of these ethnicities live in urban areas Concentrations of ethnicities in urban cities is disproportionate to the remaining state population: Detroit: African Americans comprise 85% of city population and only 7% total population of Michigan.

Concentration of Ethnicities in Urban Cities Similar disproportions exist in Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. In highly populated Hispanic states the imbalance is not as significant as in Detroit.

African-American Migration Patterns Three major migration flows have shaped (African-American) distribution within the United States: Forced migration from Africa in the 18th century Immigration to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second half of the twentieth century.

Triangular Slave Trade

Catalyst for African-American Migration Northwards Slavery abolished, but former slaves still have to work for former slave owners (sharecropping) Sharecropping dies out due to mechanization and decline in cotton prices African Americans were drawn to the Industrial cities of the north for jobs

Differentiating Ethnicity and Race Race has become less important as it is just a generalization of all people of a similar biological classification Asian is considered a race, but is also an ethnicity Hispanic and Latino are NOT considered Race: those individuals must choose a race to identify with. Race can lead to broad discrimination, as it implies that all people of race are share similar traits and capacities

Race in the United States “Separate but Equal” Doctrines: Supreme Court Decisions on Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson: Segregation is legal. Brown v. Board of Education: Segregation illegal.

Race in the United States Brown v. Board of Education results in immediate desegregation of schools. Rather than integrate, white Americans fled mixed neighborhoods: known as “White Flight” White Flight: the emigration of white Americans from an area in anticipation of African Americans moving in.

Division by Race in South Africa Discrimination by race reached its peak in the late twentieth century in South Africa 1948-1994. Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas.

Black “Homelands” in South Africa During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

End of Apartheid System In 1991, the white dominated government of South Africa repealed the Apartheid system They legalized the African National Congress And released political prisoner Nelson Mandela from jail after 27 years.

Key Issue 2 Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities? Chapter 7 Ethnicity Key Issue 2 Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?

Issue 2: Ethnicities into Nationalities Rise of nationalities Nation-states Nationalism Multinational states Former Soviet Union Russia Turmoil in the Caucasus Revival of ethnic identity Ethnicity and communism Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

Rise of Nationalities How are nationality, ethnicity, and race different? Example: United States Nationality: identifies citizens of the US both those born here and those who migrated here. Ethnicity: identifies groups with distinct cultural traditions. Race: distinguishes individuals as person of color from white.

State: politically organized, defined territory with a sovereign government Nation: group of people with shared cultural characteristics (Scots, Japanese, Cherokee) Nation-state: a state with one nation (Japan, France, Germany, Egypt, Turkey, Israel) Multiethnic state: a state that contains multiple ethnicities Multinational state: a state that contains more than one nationality (Belgium, United Kingdom)

The rise of Nation-States Nation-State: a state who’s boundaries correspond with the boundaries of a specific ethnic group. This occurs because….. Self Determination: the belief that ethnic groups have the right to govern themselves. Nation- States exist because ethnic groups want to be able to govern themselves.

Nation States “State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnic group viewed as a nationality” True nation-states don’t really exist now W. Europe @ 1900 – made of nation-states French Republic, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands Eastern Europe made of empires covering many ethnicities German, Russian, Austro-Hungary Empires

Example of Nation States Denmark Close but not perfect example Southern region on German border holds German-speakers S. Korea Almost totally Korean ethnicity Same language, religion, cultural history, sense of nationality

Nationalism Nationalism: is loyalty and devotion to a nationality. Typically promotes national pride or place one nation above other nations. Nationalism acts as a centripetal force: an attitude that unifies the people and enhance support for the state. (centripetal being pushing towards the center)