LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick Circulation and Gas Exchange Chapter 42

Figure 42.3a (a) An open circulatory system Heart Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs Pores Tubular heart

Figure 42.3b (b) A closed circulatory system Dorsal vessel (main heart) Auxiliary hearts Small branch vessels in each organ Ventral vessels Blood Interstitial fluid Heart

Figure 42.4a (a) Single circulation Artery Heart: Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Vein Gill capillaries Body capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

Figure 42.4b (b) Double circulation Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries RightLeft A A VV Lung capillaries Pulmonary circuit Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

Amphibians Pulmocutaneous circuit Lung and skin capillaries Atrium (A) Atrium (A) LeftRight Ventricle (V) Systemic capillaries Systemic circuit Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Figure 42.5a

Figure 42.5b Reptiles (Except Birds) Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Incomplete septum Left systemic aorta Left Right systemic aorta A V Lung capillaries Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

Systemic circuit Lung capillaries Pulmonary circuit A V Left Right Systemic capillaries Mammals and Birds Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Figure 42.5c

Figure 42.5 AmphibiansReptiles (Except Birds) Pulmocutaneous circuit Pulmonary circuit Lung and skin capillaries Atrium (A) Atrium (A) LeftRight Ventricle (V) Systemic capillaries Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Incomplete septum Incomplete septum Left systemic aorta LeftRight systemic aorta A A VV Lung capillaries Lung capillaries Pulmonary circuit AA V V Left Right Systemic capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Mammals and Birds

Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs Right atrium Aorta Left ventricle Left atrium Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Capillaries of head and forelimbs Figure 42.6

Figure 42.7 Pulmonary artery Right atrium Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Atrioventricular valve Semilunar valve Left atrium Pulmonary artery Aorta

Figure Atrial and ventricular diastole 0.4 sec 1

Figure Atrial and ventricular diastole Atrial systole and ventricular diastole 0.1 sec 0.4 sec 2 1

Figure Atrial and ventricular diastole Atrial systole and ventricular diastole Ventricular systole and atrial diastole 0.1 sec 0.4 sec 0.3 sec 2 1 3

Figure SA node (pacemaker) ECG 1

Figure SA node (pacemaker) AV node ECG 12

Figure SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle branches Heart apex ECG 123

Figure SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle branches Heart apex Purkinje fibers ECG 1234

Figure 42.10a Endothelium Artery Smooth muscle Connective tissue Capillary Valve Vein Basal lamina Endothelium Smooth muscle Connective tissue Venule Arteriole

Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart) Valve (open) Skeletal muscle Valve (closed) Figure 42.13

Figure 42.16

Collagen fibers 1 Platelet plug Fibrin clot Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Enzymatic cascade ProthrombinThrombin FibrinogenFibrin  Fibrin clot formation 2 3 Figure 42.18a

Figure 42.18b Fibrin clot Red blood cell 5  m

12 34

Stem cells (in bone marrow) Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells B cellsT cells Lymphocytes Erythrocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Platelets Monocytes Figure 42.19

R ESPIRATORY S YSTEM

Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber 2.5  m Tracheae Air sacs External opening Trachea Air sac Tracheole Body cell Air Figure 42.24

Figure Parapodium (functions as gill) (a) Marine worm (b) Crayfish Gills Tube foot (c) Sea star Coelom

Figure Gill arch O 2 -poor blood O 2 -rich blood Blood vessels Gill arch Operculum Water flow Water flow Blood flow Countercurrent exchange P O (mm Hg) in water P O (mm Hg) in blood Net diffu- sion of O 2 Lamella Gill filaments

O 2 -poor blood Water flow Blood flow Countercurrent exchange P O (mm Hg) in water P O (mm Hg) in blood Net diffu- sion of O 2 Lamella O 2 -rich blood Figure 42.23b

Pharynx Larynx (Esophagus) Trachea Right lung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Left lung Nasal cavity Figure 42.25a

Capillaries Alveoli Branch of pulmonary artery (oxygen-poor blood) Branch of pulmonary vein (oxygen-rich blood) Terminal bronchiole Figure 42.25b

Figure Rib cage expands. Air inhaled. Air exhaled. Rib cage gets smaller. 12 Lung Diaphragm

B OYLE ’ S L AW P=1/V

Homeostasis: Blood pH of about 7.4 CO 2 level decreases. Stimulus: Rising level of CO 2 in tissues lowers blood pH. Response: Rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation. Carotid arteries Aorta Sensor/control center: Cerebrospinal fluid Medulla oblongata Figure 42.29

Figure 42.30a Exhaled air Inhaled air Pulmonary arteries Systemic veins Systemic arteries Pulmonary veins Alveolar capillaries Alveolar spaces Alveolar epithelial cells Heart Systemic capillaries CO 2 O2O2 Body tissue (a) The path of respiratory gases in the circulatory system CO 2 O2O

Figure 42.UN01 Iron Heme Hemoglobin

Figure 42.31a 2 (a) P O and hemoglobin dissociation at pH 7.4 Tissues during exercise Tissues at rest Lungs P O (mm Hg) O 2 unloaded to tissues during exercise O 2 unloaded to tissues at rest O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%)

(b) pH and hemoglobin dissociation P O (mm Hg) Hemoglobin retains less O 2 at lower pH (higher CO 2 concentration) pH 7.2 pH 7.4 O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) Figure 42.31b

Figure 42.32a Body tissue Capillary wall Interstitial fluid Plasma within capillary CO 2 transport from tissues CO 2 produced CO 2 H2OH2O H 2 CO 3 Hb Red blood cell Carbonic acid Hemoglobin (Hb) picks up CO 2 and H +. H+H+ HCO 3  Bicarbonate  HCO 3  To lungs CO 2

Figure 42.32b HCO 3  CO 2 transport to lungs H 2 CO 3 H2OH2O H+H+  Hb Hemoglobin releases CO 2 and H +. CO 2 Alveolar space in lung To lungs HCO 3  CO 2