11 Muscles of the Body

Muscles of the Body Repitition Repitition……………….

I. Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles A. Convergent - origin of the muscle is broad B. Parallel - fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle C. Unipennate - fascicles insert into one side of the tendon D. Bipennate - fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides E. Multipennate - fascicles insert into large tendon from all sides F. Circular - Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings

Convergent (pectoralis major) Circular (orbicularis oris) Fusiform (biceps brachii) (a) (e) (b) (c) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) Parallel (sartorius) (d) (f) (g) Multipennate (deltoid) Bipennate (rectus femoris) 4

II. Muscle Actions and Interactions A. Agonist (or a prime mover) ► Has major responsibility for a certain movement B. Antagonist ► Opposes or reverses a movement C. Synergist ► helps the prime mover by adding extra force ► and reducing undesirable movements D. Fixator ► A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place

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III. Muscle Compartments of the Limbs A. Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles (leg and arm) into compartments B. Muscles in the same compartment have similar actions C. Muscles in the opposing compartment are antagonists D. Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve Example: muscles of the forearm anterior compartment ► flexors of the wrist posterior compartment ► extensors of the wrist

Extensors Flexors (b) Posterolateral compartment Extensors Ulna Radius Flexors Anteromedial compartment 8

Muscles

Repitition Repitition……………….

Repitition Repitition……………….

12 Facial Epicranius, frontal belly Head Orbicularis oculi Temporalis Zygomaticus Masseter Neck Orbicularis oris Platysma Shoulder Sternohyoid Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Arm Serratus anterior Triceps brachii Intercostals Biceps brachii Brachialis Abdomen Forearm Rectus abdominis Pronator teres External oblique Brachioradialis Internal oblique Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Transversus abdominis Pelvis/thigh Thigh Iliopsoas Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Adductor longus Thigh Gracilis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Leg Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus 12

13 Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Splenius capitis Sternocleidomastoid Splenius cervicis Trapezius Levator scapulae Shoulder Rhomboid minor Deltoid Rhomboid major Infraspinatus Arm Teres major Triceps brachii Brachialis Rhomboid major Forearm Triangle of auscultation Brachioradialis Latissimus dorsi Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip Extensor digitorum Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Thigh Iliotibial tract Adductor magnus Gracilis Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon 13

Naming of Muscles

Naming the Skeletal Muscles ► Location Example: the brachialis is located on the arm ► Shape Example: the deltoid is triangular ► Relative size – Maximus vs. minimus; longus vs. brevis Example: gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus

► Direction of muscle fibers rectus = parallel oblique = angle Example: rectus abdominis; external oblique ► Location of attachments—point of origin and insertion Brachi = arm (humerus) radialis = radius Example: brachioradialis

► Number of origins Two, three, or four “heads” Example: biceps, triceps, and quadriceps ► Action The action is part of the muscle’s name Example: Flexor radialis and adductor longus

Muscles of the Head

Frontal Occipital Temporalis Trapezius Splenius capitis Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Splenius capitis 19

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Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor and major Buccinator Risorius 21

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Mentalis Depressor anguli oris Platysma Orbicularis oris Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma 23

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Frontal Occipital Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Temporalis Zygomaticus minor and major Buccinator Masseter Risorius Sternocleidomastoid Orbicularis oris Mentalis Trapezius Depressor labii inferioris Splenius capitis Depressor anguli oris Platysma 25

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Temporalis Orbicularis oris Masseter Buccinator 27

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Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement

Tongue Styloglossus Stylohyoid Thyrohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone 30

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Muscles of Anterior Neck and Throat

Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Sternohyoid Sternocleido- mastoid Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Sternocleido- mastoid Omohyoid (inferior belly) 33

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Anterior belly Digastric Posterior belly Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyroid gland Sternothyroid 35

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Mylohyoid Anterior belly Stylohyoid Digastric Hyoid bone Posterior belly Omohyoid (superior belly) Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Sternocleido- mastoid Thyroid gland Omohyoid (inferior belly) Sternothyroid 37

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Muscles of Anterior Neck Platysma (cut and reflected) Mylohyoid Anterior belly Digastric Stylohyoid Posterior belly Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyrohyoid Superior belly Sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid Inferior belly Thyroid gland Sternothyroid Sternohyoid 39

Muscles of Head Movement

1st cervical vertebra Middle scalene Sternocleido- mastoid Anterior Mastoid process Middle scalene Sternocleido- mastoid Anterior scalene Posterior scalene Anterior 41

Anterior 42

Mastoid process Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Posterior 43

Posterior 44

Muscles of Neck and Vertebral Column

Mastoid process of temporal bone Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis 46

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Iliocostalis Erector spinae Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum External oblique 48

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Ligamentum nuchae Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis thoracis Quadratus lumborum 50

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Ligamentum nuchae Mastoid process of temporal bone Semispinalis capitis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis Iliocostalis Erector spinae Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum Quadratus lumborum External oblique 52

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Muscles of Breathing

External intercostal Internal intercostal 55

Diaphragm Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava esophagus Costal cartilage Diaphragm Foramen for aorta Lumbar vertebra Quadratus lumborum 56

Muscles of Abdominal Wall

Serratus anterior Transversus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis 58

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Pectoralis major Linea alba Rectus abdominis Inguinal ligament 60

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Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis Inguinal ligament 62

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External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus 64

Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax

Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii 66

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Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Pectoralis minor Coracobrachialis Serratus anterior Humerus 68

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Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Sternum Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Humerus 70

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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax

Trapezius Deltoid Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi 73

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Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Clavicle Spine of scapula Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Humerus 75

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Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Trapezius Clavicle Deltoid Spine of scapula Rhomboid minor Infraspinatus Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Humerus Latissimus dorsi 77

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Superficial Muscles of the Back Deeper muscles Levator scapulae Trapezius Supraspinatus Rhomboid minor Deltoid Spine of scapula Teres minor Teres major Infraspinatus Triangle of auscultation Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi 79

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm

Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Anterior view 81

Anterior view 82

Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Anterior view 83

Anterior view 84

Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Anterior view 85

Anterior view 86

Deltoid muscle Humerus 87

Muscles Crossing the Shoulder and Elbow Joint

Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Posterior view 89

Posterior view 90

Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Anconeus Posterior view 91

Posterior view 92

Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Anconeus Posterior view 93

Posterior view 94

Muscles of the Forearm

Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers anteriomedial compartment ► flexors and pronators ► flexors mainly originate from medial epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e.g. flexor digitorum posterolateral compartment ► extensors and supinator ► extensors mainly originate from lateral epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e.g. extensor carpiradialis

Superficial Muscles of Anterior Forearm ► Flexor digitorum superficialis (alone) ------------------------------------------------- ulna ► Flexor carpi ulnaris ► Palmaris longus ► Flexor carpi radialis ► Pronator teres ► Brachioradialis radius

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Palmar aponeurosis Flexor retinaculum Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Medial epicondyle of humerus 98

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated 99

Deeper Muscles of Anterior Forearm ulna ► Pronator quadratus ► Flexor digitorum superficialis ► Flexor pollicis longus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus radius --------------------------------------------------------------- ► Supinator

DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus 101

DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated 102

Deepest Muscle of Anterior Forearm ► Thenar muscles of the pollex (thumb) ► Flexor digitorum profundus ► Supinator

DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Thenar muscles of thumb Flexor digitorum profundus Supinator 104

DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated 105

Superficial Muscles of Posterior Forearm (NOTE: forearm in pronated position) top ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Abductor pollicis longus ► Extensor digitorum ► Extensor carpi ulnaris ► Extensor carpi radialis brevis ► Anconeus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus bottom

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus 107

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated 108

Deep Muscles of Posterior Forearm (NOTE: forearm in pronated position) radius ► Extensor pollicis brevis ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Extensor indicis ulna ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ► Supinator ► Anconeus

DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Supinator Anconeus 110

DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated 111

Some Special Muscles of the Hand

Some Special Muscles of the Hand (NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ► Third lumbrical ► Fourth lumbrical ► Abductor digiti minimi bottom

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Third lumbrical Fourth lumbrical Abductor digiti minimi Pisiform bone Superficial layer 114

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Superficial layer 115

Some Special Muscles of the Hand (NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ► Second lumbrical ► First lumbrical ► Adductor pollicis ► Flexor pollicis brevis ► Abductor pollicis brevis ► Abductor pollicis longus bottom

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Second lumbrical First lumbrical Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum Abductor pollicis longus Superficial layer 117

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Superficial layer 118

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Quadratus lumborum ► Psoas minor ► Psoas major ► Iliacus ► Tensor fasciae latae bottom

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae 121

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee 122

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Sartorius (crossing) (The Quadriceps) ► Vastus lateralis ► Rectus femoris ► Vastus intermedius ► Vastus medialis bottom

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Sartorius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius (below) Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris 124

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee 125

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Pectineus ► Adductor longus ► Gracilis ► Adductor magnis bottom

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Patellar ligament 127

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee 128

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Pectineus Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Gracilis Vastus intermedius (below) Adductor magnus Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patellar ligament 129

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee 130

Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Adductor magnus ► Gracilis ► Semimembranosus ► Semitendinosus bottom

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus 133

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. 134

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Gluteus medius ► Gluteus maximus (gluteus minimus deep) ► Biceps femoris (short head deep) ► Semitendinosus bottom

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (Gluteus minimus deep) Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Long head (short head deep) 136

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. ( ) 137

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (Gluteus minimus deep) Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Iliotibial tract Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Long head (short head deep) 138

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. 139

Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Safe area in gluteus medius: ventral gluteal site Gluteus maximus Sciatic nerve Ventral gluteal site 140

Inguinal ligament The femoral Adductor triangle longus (within dashed outline) Adductor longus Sartorius Vastus lateralis Lateral thigh site 141

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg top (medial) top ► Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius ► Tibialis anterior Soleus ► Fibularis longus bottom ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Extensor hallucis longus ► Fibularis tertius bottom

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula 144

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. Superior and inferior extensor retinacula 145

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg posterior ► Gastrocnemius ► Soleus ► Fibularis longus ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Tibialis anterior ► Extensor hallucis longus anterior

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus 148

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. 149

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg posterior ► Fibularis brevis ► Flexor hallucis longus anterior

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus 151

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. 152

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg superficial ► Gastrocnemius deeper ► Plantaris ► Popliteus ► Soleus ► Fibularis longus ► Fibularis brevis

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Deep Plantaris Superficial Popliteus Gastrocnemius Medial head Lateral head Soleus Fibularis longus Tendon of gastrocnemius Fibularis brevis Calcaneal tendon 155

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Deep Superficial 156

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg DEEPEST medial ► Flexor digitorum longus ► Tibialis posterior ► Flexor hallucis longus ► Fibularis longus ► Fibularis brevis lateral

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Calcaneus 158

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Calcaneus 159

THE END