Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 75 Topic: 22.2 Male and Female Sex Hormones Essential Question: How do hormones play a key role in the menstrual cycle? 22.2 Male and Female Sex Hormones How do hormones play a key role in the menstrual cycle?

Human Reproduction Hormones play a key role in human reproduction

Human Reproduction Development of sexual dimorphism Different body forms of males and females

Male Sex Hormones Male hormones control the male reproductive functions and are secreted by the: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Testes In charge of sperm cell production Oversee the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

Male Sex Hormones Prior to ten years of age, the male body is reproductively immature: Body is childlike Spermatogenic cells of the testes are undifferentiated (haven’t become sperm)

Male Sex Hormones Hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH): Enters blood vessels leading to pituitary gland which in response will secrete gonadotropins: LH FSH

Male Sex Hormones Luteinizing Hormone (LH): promotes the development of the forming cells of the testes, which will secrete male sex hormones Ex: Testosterone

Male Sex Hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates the seminiferous tubules in the testes to grow/mature and RESPOND to the male sex hormone testosterone FSH + testosterone= stimulate spermatogenesis or sperm production

Testosterone in males is transported in the blood: Begins during fetal development and continues for several weeks after birth Ceases during childhood About yrs old (puberty), testosterone production increases quickly Will become reproductively functional at this time Continues throughout lifetime Male Sex Hormones

Testosterone: Determines the development of male genitalia during embryonic development Ensures development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty Body hair on face, chest, pubic region Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords (lowering pitch of voice) Increased muscular growth, broadening of shoulders, and narrowing of waist Maintains the sex drive of males throughout their lifetime Male Sex Hormones

Female Sex Hormones Female hormones control the female reproductive functions and are secreted by the: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Ovaries In charge of the maturation of female sex cells (eggs) Changes that occur during the monthly reproductive cycle

Female Sex Hormones Prior to ten years of age, the female body is reproductively immature: Body is childlike

Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle prepares the ovaries for ovulation and the uterus for implantation Starts at puberty On average, 28 day cycle Purpose: to time the release of an egg or ovum (ovulation) for possible fertilization and later implantation into the inner lining of the uterus This implantation MUST occur when the uterine inner lining (the endometrium) is rich with blood vessels It will shed if no implantation occurs This breakdown leads to menstrual bleeding This is a sign no pregnancy occurred

Menstrual Cycle The hypothalamus is the regulatory center of the menstrual cycle Produces a hormone known as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) The target tissue is the pituitary gland Results in the production and secretion of two hormones into the bloodstream Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) The target tissues for these hormones are the ovaries gland Ovaries Endometrium of uterus Progesterone (after ovulation) Oestrogen

Menstrual Cycle Luteinizing hormone (LH): Stimulates certain ovarian cells to secrete molecules which are used to produce estrogen gland Ovaries Endometrium of uterus Progesterone (after ovulation) Estrogen

Menstrual Cycle Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates maturation of an ovarian follicle which will produce estrogen and progesterone gland Ovaries Endometrium of uterus Progesterone (after ovulation) Estrogen

Estrogen: Primary source is from the ovaries (if not pregnant) About yrs old (puberty) Ensures development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty Development of breasts and the mammary glands within the breasts Increased adipose (fat) tissue in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks Increased growth of hair in the pubic region Female Sex Hormones

Estrogen: Estrogen enters the blood stream Target tissue is the endometrium of the uterus Results in an increase the blood vessels of the endometrium Estrogen and the Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone: Causes the endometrium to become more vascular and glandular Stimulates uterine glands to secrete nutritious fluids to the endometrial tissue which provide a favorable environment for embryonic development Progesterone and the Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Cycle Low levels of progesterone and estrogen signal the hypothalamus to begin secreting GnRH and thus another menstrual cycle begins! There is no beginning or end of the menstrual cycle We designate the first day of the menstrual cycle as the first day of menstruation

Ovulation & the Menstrual Cycle (4m5s)

Homework/Classwork Analyze the graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation, and thickening of the endometrium Answer the questions

Body Story: Teen Dreams 45m 31s Take at least 15 bullets through the video What did you learn about male and female adolescent bodies that you didn’t know before (3) What are the major difference between the changes that males vs. females go through during puberty? (3) P. 74