The Catholic Reformation The Formation of New Orders The Council of Trent Catholic Religious Reform

Formation of New Orders Ignatius of Loyola –1491 – Jesuits approved –Pope Paul III Spiritual Exercises published in th Vow: obedience to the successor of Peter Focus also on educational and missionary work (New World) Review chart for more info on Jesuits and additional orders

Reform measures prior to Council of Trent Index of Prohibited Books, 1542 Roman Inquisition, 1542 Galileo before the Roman Inquisition, 1633

Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III ---opened 1545, closed 1563 (under Pope Paul IV) 2. 3 sessions over 18 years due to religious wars, plague and death of Pope Paul III 3. Called not only to reform the church, but also for reconciliation 4. Lutherans and Calvinists invited to participate – declined invitation, no reconciliation

Council of Trent International politics repeatedly played a role –Charles V fears Lutheran subjects rebelling against Holy Roman Empire –French rulers wanted no reconciliation with Protestants – ultimately their problems lead to extensive religious warfare (civil war) in France

INTERNAL REFORMS: 1.Bishops – live in diocese a. Strengthened the authority of local bishops b. Bishops had to preach regularly and make annual visits to parishes 2.Priests educated a. Priests needed to be presentable b. Priests needed to be celibate c. Priests needed to be active 3.Curtail the selling of church offices / religious goods 4.Canon of Scripture established

REAFFIRMATIONS Traditional Scholastic education of clergy Role of good works in salvation Authority of tradition Seven sacraments (Do you know what these are?) Transubstantiation Clerical celibacy Purgatory Veneration of Saints, relics, and sacred images Indulgences