Sport and P.E. – PED 2 Physical Education after the Second World War and up to the present day

Objectives:- To understand major developments in PE since the Second World War. To understand the content of Education Reform Acts.

Physical Education after the Second World War and up to the present day. After the hard years of war, the lives of everyone in Britain, including children, were affected directly. People looked to their children for hope and we now see a further step towards child‑centred learning. The training that was used to create 'thinking' solders during the war was now adapted to suit schools.... greater use of benches, ropes, ladders and climbing frames ‑ assault course type equipment. Pupils were required to use their initiative and take responsibility for each other.

Introduction of 'modern' dance and gymnastics. The work of Rudolf Laban in the late 1930's was the foundation for 'movement education' in P. E. Aimed for variety and enjoyment and high levels of skill learning. This led to the development of two documents by the ministry of Education:-

Butler Education Act 1944.... ……planned to reform education in Britain. Emphasis here was on equal access to education for all…. in theory! Main Points:- Grammar schools were to be free‑ however, pupils had to pass the 11 + exam to gain entry - those who failed went to secondary modern schools. New schools had to be built to accommodate extra pupils. Children would leave primary school at 11. School leaving age was raised to 15 (from 1947). Better forms of P. E. were to be devised for the older pupils.

Moving and Growing (1952) and Planning the Programme (1953) Documents for primary schools......... underlying theme of which was movement training. Replaced the rigidity of the 1933 Syllabus by emphasising expressive and creative approaches to movement activity. Combined two main influences:- 1 - obstacle training from the army. 2 - movement training from centres of dance.

Also in addition to these changes:- weight training. circuit training. outward bound schools‑ encouraged adventurous activities to develop the personality within the natural environment. The Physical education teacher was now more independent with control over the syllabus. The activities included agility, playground and more major game skills, dance and movement to music, national dance and swimming.

Key words that make it different from earlier forms of Physical Activity in state schools:- exploratory creative individual fun self‑discovery self‑expression

Movement was seen as having:- intrinsic values of movement for it’s own sake. functional value of actual skills performed. extrinsic value of the physical, social and moral development gained through the subject.

Movement to Cover P.E. in Primary Schools: Published in 1972 This document:- focused on the individual. provided opportunities for direct experiences and personal discovery. gave no detailed schemes. discussed a number of approaches to gymnastics, dance, games, swimming, athletics, outdoor activities.

The Education Reform Act (1988) The first of it’s scale since 1944! It brought with it the National Curriculum and formal assessments. Made P.E. in British schools compulsory. Wider range of activities available. Pupils in different school years allocated to key stages, however there were variations in P.E. throughout the country due to different facilities and equipment available.

1995‑ the 'Dearing Report'. revised National Curriculum 1995‑ the 'Dearing Report'... revised National Curriculum... streamlined the National Curriculum 1995 – sport ‑ Raising the Game'... very substantial implications for P. E. "The government believes that such concepts as fair play, self‑discipline, respect for others, learning to live by laws and understanding one's obligations to others in a team are all matters which can be learnt from team games if properly taught’’. However.... There were many pros and cons with these recommendations from John Major.

Homework:- 1. Revise notes/handouts from previous 8 lessons on Learning Objective 2. 2. Plus ... read walnut book pages 34 ‑ 84 ( section 2) to clarify understanding PROGRESS TEST NEXT WEEK ON THE ABOVE!!!!!!! Make sure that you are prepared!!!