Discouraging opportunistic behavior in collaborative R & D : A new role for government Tripsas, M., Schrader, S., & Sobrero, M. (1995) Seminar on technology.

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Discouraging opportunistic behavior in collaborative R & D : A new role for government Tripsas, M., Schrader, S., & Sobrero, M. (1995) Seminar on technology strategy 2015, spring ODI-OM Eun-ji, Lee

An overview of the paper Transaction cost Ex-ante transaction costEx-post transaction cost Opportunistic behavior Asset specificity Uncertainty Information asymmetry Transaction frequency Collaborative R&D Collaborative R&D is sharing technological capability and resources with others firms to achieve the goal.

An overview of the paper Purpose : The traditional role attributed to government in collaborative R & D has been one of funding. This paper explores a new role for government in facilitating collaborative R & D, one of discouraging opportunistic behavior. This paper demonstrate that not only can government help to control opportunistic behavior in collaborative R & D, but firms recognize and value that role. A governmental role in controlling opportunism 1. Institutional mechanisms: Decreasing ex-ante transaction costs 2. Administrative mechanisms: Decreasing ex-post transaction costs Design / Methodology : Using a transaction cost framework, this paper examine how the potential for opportunism increases the costs of engaging in a collaboration. This paper focuses on the case, An Italian Societ di Ricerca program where the government appears to be performing this role. This paper uses survey of 39 firms participating in the program.

Example 1. Institutional mechanisms : Establishing a framework for cooperation 1-1. Predefine share distribution 1-2. Provide guidelines for an organization charter 1-3. Reference learning from prior experience. 2. Administrative mechanisms : Improving ex-post monitoring and enforcement 2-1. Avoid domination by a single firm or coalition of firms 2-2. Ensure management follows the legal charter 2-3. Specify an independent project manager 2-4. Provide long-term perspectives

Example

Conclusions. For the overall population, firms rated government's role in guaranteeing project completion, establishing long-term relationships and facilitating networking just as highly as providing funding in driving their decision to perform research through a Societ Y. Firms with prior experience in joint research learn how to organize the collaboration ex-ante. They placed significantly less value on government's institutional role in establishing a framework for cooperation than did firms with no prior experience. Firm's with prior experience in joint research, however, do not learn to control ex-post opportunism. Instead, they become more cognizant of government performing that role. They rated administrative mechanisms aimed at ex-post transaction costs at least as important as funding in their decision to perform research through a Societ Y. In contrast, firms without prior experience rated funding as a significantly more important influence than administrative mechanisms.

참고자료 “R&D 지원금은 ‘ 공짜 돈 ‘ 책임의식 없는 게 문제 – 노부호 서강대 명예교수 ”, 문화일보, 2015 년 5 월 8 일, 임대환기자 현재 정부의 R&D 지원정책은 기업에 보조금 형식으로 배분해 주는 일종의 ‘ 공짜 돈 ’ 으로 인식되고 있다. 중요한 것은 정부가 자금을 지원하면 책임 있는 연구가 되지 않고 평가 선정 과정에 전문성이나 책임성, 수익성이 없어 배분 과정이 정치적으로 돼 도덕적 해이가 일어날 수 있다는 점이다. R&D 지원도 단지 자금만 주는 게 아니라 이스라엘의 ‘ 수석과학관실 ’ 과 같이 기술개발이 상업화까지 성공할 수 있도록 종합적인 지원이 필요하다. “10 년 공든탑 정부 R&D 투자,70% 는 장롱속에.. 崔 정부 R&D 컨트롤타워 기능 강화 ”, 파이낸셜뉴스, 2015 년 5 월 11 일, 박소연, 조은효기자 2013 년 기준 우리나라 국내총생산 (GDP) 대비 R&D 투자 비율 (4.15%) 은 2 년 연 속 세계 1 위를 기록했다. 그러나 이 같은 전폭적 지원의 결과는 초라하기 그 지없다. R&D 과제성공률 98% 란 화려한 성적 뒤로 특허 기술의 70% 가 상용화 되지 못했다. 최 부총리는 " 뭐가 잘못돼도 한참 잘못됐다. 아무 쓸모 없는 것 들만 연구했다 " 고 지적했다. 이를 위해 최 부총리는 " 국가과학기술심의회의 전문성을 높이고 산업계의 참여를 확대해 정부 R&D 컨트롤타워로서의 기능 을 더욱 강화할 것 " 이라고 밝혔다.

Discussion 논문에서는 Collaborative R&D 에서의 정부의 새로운 역할을 (Institutional mechanisms, Administrative mechanisms) 제시하였다. 하지만, 정부 역할의 확 대가 오히려 비용이나 부작용이 수반되지는 않을까. 이에 대해 논의해보자. Institutional mechanismsAdministrative mechanisms 1-1. Predefine share distribution 1-2. Provide guidelines for an organization charter 1-3. Reference learning from prior experience Avoid domination by a single firm or coalition of firms 2-2. Ensure management follows the legal charter 2-3. Specify an independent project manager 2-4. Provide long-term perspectives

Discussion Institutional mechanismsAdministrative mechanisms 기업 간 협력 관계의 정도에 따라 정부의 역할의 중요성이 달라지지 않을까 ? 본 논문은 1995 년도에 발표되었다. 본 논문에서 협력의 의미는 어떠한 목적을 위하여 다른 기업과 업무를 공유하는 행위라고 할 수 있다. 협력관계를 형성하 지만, 언제든 상대방이 기회주의적 행동을 할 수 있으므로 논문에서 제시한 것 처럼 서로의 행동을 감시 (monitoring) 하고, 통제 (Controlling) 해야 한다. 하지만, 기업의 협력이 일시적인 관계에서 더 나아가 상호신뢰를 바탕으로 한 장기적 인 협력관계로까지 나아가야 한다는 주장이 있다. 이는 1996 년에 발표된 Chris Huxman 의 creating collaborative advantage 이라는 문헌에서도 확인 할 수 있다. 협력적 경쟁우위는 협력 그 자체를 목적으로 하는 것이다. 이러한 경우, Institutional 과 Administrative 의 역할을 기업 내에서 자체적으로 해결할 수 있 기 때문에 정부의 역할이 축소될 수도 있다고 생각한다.

참고자료 Peterson, J. (1993). Assessing the performance of European collaborative R&D policy: the case of Eureka. Research Policy, 22(3), Assessing the performance of European collaborative R&D programmes requires gauging the views of their industrial participants about how well they work. This paper focuses on Eureka, an intergovernmental framework for generating downstream, “near market” collaborative projects in a wide range of technologies. It compares and synthesizes data from two attitudinal surveys of Eureka participants. It argues that firms are motivated to participate in Eureka as much or more by its ability to encourage new collaborative links than its provision of public funding. While industrial attitudes toward Eureka generally are positive, its methodology causes problems for the management of projects, especially those led by small firms. The paper argues that Eureka should be reformed to harmonize its funding procedures, provide more non-financial support to its participants, become more selective in choosing projects for Eureka status, and strengthen links with the European Community's research programmes. Further research is needed on the views of participants in other collaborative programmes so that their performance may be compared with that of Eureka.