CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Biology RiverDell High School C. Militano Introduction (why, what, how) History of Classification Systems and Nomenclature

I. Introduction A. Why are organisms classified? 1. show relationships between organisms 2. organize information about organisms 3. provide information for research 4. allow for universal naming system

I. Introduction B. What criteria are used? 1. Structure (morphology & anatomy) 2. embryology 3. biochemistry (DNA, RNA, proteins) 4. chromosome number and structure 5. geographic distribution or habitat 6. life processes and behavior a. nutrition, locomotion, reproduction

I. Introduction C. How are organisms named? 1. person who discovered the organism 2. habitat in which organism is found 3. biochemistry 4. appearance

II. History of classification A. Aristotle and Theophrastus Aristotle – classified animals by their habitat (land, water, air) Theophrastus – classified plants by stem structure (soft stems – grasses and herbaceous, many woody stems, one woody stem) 1. classified over 500 organisms

II. History of Classification B. Ray ( mid 1600’s – English) 1. classified 18,000 plants & animals 2. used the term species C. Linnaeus ( – Swedish) 1. Systema Naturae (1735) a. classification based on morphology

Caroli Linnaei Systema Natvrae

II. History of Classification C. Linnaeus 2. Seven levels of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species (varieties in plants and subspecies in animals) * King Philip came over from Genoa singing

Kingdom is the most general Species is the most specific

Classes of Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

II. History of Classification C. Linnaeus 3. Binomial Nomenclature a. Genus name and species name 1) both are underlined or italicized 2) Genus is capitalized b. ex. Homo sapiens, Panthera leo *species – similar organisms that interbreed -produce fertile offsping

III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature A. Systematics 1.based on evolution(uses phylogenetic trees to show relationships) 2. criteria used to classify organisms a. fossil records b. homologous structures

III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature A. Systematics c. patterns in embryo development d. chromosomes (numbers and banding) e. macromolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins)

Phylogenetic Tree

Plants-Phylogenetic Tree

Order Carnivora – Phylogenetic Tree

Phylogenetic Tree With Common Ancestor

III. Classification System B. Cladistics 1. more recent system of classification 2. based on derived characters a. common features that have evolved recently b. examples – feathers, scales, hair 3. cladogram – ancestry diagram made by cladistic analysis

Cladogram –Evolution of Vertebrates

Cladogram

III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature C. Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Plantae 5. Fungi 6. Animalia

III. Classification Nomenclature D. Domains 1. Carl Woese – University of Illinois 2. based on R-RNA similarities 3. three domains a. Domain Archae (prokaryotes) b. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotes) c. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes) [Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia]

The Three Domains

Six Kingdoms and Three Domains

Will The Evolution of Organisms Ever Reach A Final Destination ?