Chapter 18 Classification

based on their characteristics. Classification Grouping organisms based on their characteristics. Done to make organisms easier to study and understand.

Biological Hierarchy of Classification

Classification of Modern Humans

Evolutionary Relationships of Plants

Comparing Vertebrate Embryo Development

Cladogram of Seven Vertebrates

Six Kingdoms of Life

Two Kingdoms of Prokaryotes

Genus Name The genus name is written first. The genus name is always underlined or italicized, never both. The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized. Example: Dermochelys or Dermochelys Species Name The specific epithet is written second. The specific epithet is always underlined or italicized. The first letter of the specific epithet name is never capitalized. Example: coriacea or coriacea Scientific Name The scientific name of this animal would appear as follows: Dermochelys coriacea or Dermochelys coriacea

Bird Phylogeny and DNA Sequencing

Comparing the Hemoglobin Gene Among Species

Taxonomy The branch of Biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. First done by Aristotle more than 2000 years ago. Plant or Animal groupings

C a r o l u s L i n n a e u s A Swedish naturalist in the Mid 1700s. The Father of our modern system of classification.

Kingdom:  Animalia      Phylum:   Chordata           Subphylum:   Vertebrata                Class:   Mammalia                     Subclass:   Theria                          Infraclass:   Eutheria                               Order:   Primates                                    Suborder:  Anthropoidea                                         Superfamily:   Hominoidea                                              Family:   Hominidae                                                   Genus:   Homo                                                        Species:   sapiens

The Tree of Life project is a Phylogenetic Tree, a family tree of all life on Earth as we know it.

Family tree of Killer Whales

Assumptions of Phylogeny 1. Animals having similar developmental stages have a similar evolution - common ancestor. Early stage embryos are very similar between animals

Cladogram

K i n g d o m s o f O r g a n i s m s

Old five kingdom version

New six kingdom version

T h e K i n g d o m s M o n e r a P r o t i s t a F u n g i Archaebacteria Eubacteria P r o t i s t a F u n g i P l a n t a e A n i m a l i a

M o n e r a: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Single cell organisms. Prokaryotic cells “Bacteria”

Archaebacteria ~ 3 billion years old Archae = ancient You can find them in places where most organisms could not survive High temps Very sulfuric

Eubacteria The “other” kinds of bacteria Live in soil, water, and even on and inside the human body! Ex. Escherichia coli Eubacteria

P r o t i s t a Single cells or colony. Eukaryotic cells. “Algae”

F u n g i Single cell, colony, or multicellular organisms Eukaryotic cells All are heterotrophic “Mushrooms”

Classification of Fungi

P l a n t a e Multicellular organisms. Autotrophic “Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants”

Six Divisions of Algae

A n i m a l i a Multicellular organisms Heterotrophic “Sponges to Humans” A n i m a l i a

Three Domain System

Tree of Life Tree of Life Homepage

Trait Lobe-finned fish Frog Turtle Kangaroo Mouse Human Dorsal Nerve Cord Yes Legs No Nature of egg Requires water Hard shell prevents drying Develops inside the mother Nature of develop-ment In egg Marsupial Placental Hair Reduced Pouch Bid-pedal posture

T y p e s o f p h y l o g e n e t i c t r e e s M o n o p h y l e t i c P o l y p h y l e t i c P a r a p h y l e t i c

M o n o p h y l e t i c A group including a given ancestral form and all of its descendant species.

P o l y p h y l e t i c A group including the descendants of more than one ancestral form.

P a r a p h y l e t i c A group including the ancestral form and some of its descendants.