Protozoa Trypanosomes

Trypanosome

Trypanosomes Different Developmental Forms

Trypanosoma brucei Sub-species T. brucei brucei Nagana disease Wild ruminants, livestock, dogs T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense African Sleeping Sickness in humans

Tsetse Fly Genus Glossina Vector for Trypanosoma brucei

Glossina Distribution

T. brucei

T. brucei rhodesiense in blood

T. brucei rhodesiense in brain

T. brucei rhodesiense in brain

VAT – Variant Antigenic Types At least 101 different variants identified Antigen switching Variant specific cell surface protein VSG – variant-specific surface glycoprotein Covers organism ~1,000 genes

Prevention Insecticides, DDT Trypanosome tolerant livestock

Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease in humans

Reduviid Bug Vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas Vector Distribution

Trypanosoma cruzi pseudocyst Cardiac Muscle

Trypanosoma equiperdum Similar to T. brucei Venereal disease Dourine No arthropod host Africa, Asia, Southern and Eastern Europe, Russia, Mexico Eradicated from US and Western Europe Extermination of infected horses All horses entering US are tested

Other Trypanosoma Species T. rangeli South America Dogs, cats, humans Not pathogenic No intracellular stage Reduviid bug vector T. avium Birds

Leishmania Heteroxenous Promastigote  sandfly (Phlebotomus) gut Amastigotes  vertebrate cells Live inside macrophage phagolysosomes

Leishmania Amastigotes Intra and extra cellular Replication is within immune cells in skin Can spread to other immune cells

Major Species L. tropica, L. major L. dononani Cutaneous ulcers Kala-azar disease Enlarged liver and spleen Treatment often successful Antimony compounds

Sandfly Genus Phlebotomus Vector for Leishmania Disease Leishmaniasis

Distribution of Leishmaniasis